Fig. 3

Epigenetic regulation of ATGs in AML. Various miRNAs, including miR-17-5p, miR-23-5p, miR-20-5p, miR-15-5p, and miR-485-5p, are related to AML tumorigenesis or chemoresistance by modulating autophagy via the regulation of various targets. Ara-C-induced differentiation antagonizing non-protein coding RNA (DANCR) promotes protective autophagy via the targeting of miR-874-3p to further induce ATG16L1 protein expression. LINC00265 acts as an endogenous competitive RNA for miR-485-5p, enhancing expression of IRF2 and attenuating apoptosis through autophagy activation. By contrast, miR-143 suppresses the ATG7 and ATG2B genes, thereby increasing the cytotoxicity of Ara-C. Aberrantly expressed SNHG5 gene in AML downregulates miR-32 and increases the DNAJB9 protein, the target of miR-32, acquiring chemoresistance through autophagy regulation. Autophagy-related long non-coding RNAs (MIR133A1HG, AL359715.1, AL356752.1, and MIRLET7BHG) are associated with poor prognosis in AML patients