Table 1 Studies on gut microbiota target innate and adaptive immune cells to promote ICI efficacy
From: Gut microbiota influence immunotherapy responses: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
Year | Cancer types | ICI | Beneficial gut microbiota | Interventions factors and/or biological effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Melanoma | PD-L1 inhibitor | Bifidobacterium | DCs and CD8 + T cells | [16] |
2015 | Melanoma | CTLA4 inhibitor | Bacteroides fragilis | Tumor draining lymph nodes: Th1; TME: DCs | [17] |
2018 | NSCLC, RCC, Urothelial carcinoma | PD-1 inhibitor, CTLA4 inhibitor | Akkermansia muciniphila | TME: IL-12 and CCR9 + CXCR3 + CD4 + T lymphocytes | [31] |
2018 | Melanoma | PD-1 inhibitor | Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales | Mice receiving R-FMT: Increased innate effector cells and decreased suppressive myeloid cells; Mice receiving NR-FMT: Increased RORγT+ T helper 17 cells | [32] |
2018 | Melanoma | PD-L1 inhibitor | Bifidobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, Enterococcus faecium | Mice receiving R-FMT: Augmented T cell responses | [33] |
2017 | Melanoma | CTLA4 inhibitor | Faecalibacterium | CD4 + T cells and CD25 | [49] |
2019 | Adenocarcinoma, melanoma | PD-1 inhibitor | Eleven strains | IFNγ + CD8 T cell, CD103 + DC, and MHC Ia | [50] |
2020 | CRC, Intestinal cancer, Bladder cancer, melanoma | PD-L1 inhibitor, CTLA4 inhibitor | Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Akkermansia muciniphila, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Olsenella species | DCs and Th1; Inosine: A2AR on Th1 | [51] |
2020 | Colon cancer, T cell lymphoma | CD47 inhibitor | Bifidobacterium | STING signaling and DCs | [52] |
2021 | Melanoma | PD-1 inhibitor | Enterococcaceae, Enterococcus, Streptococcus australis | FMT-R patients: TME: CD8 + T cell; Gut: APC | [15] |
2021 | Melanoma | PD-1 inhibitor | Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae families, Bifidobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae families | FMT-R patients: PBMCs: CD8 + T cells and MAIT cells; TME: CD8 + T cells, HLA II, CD74 and GZMK FMT-NR patients: Increased myeloid cells and CD4 + regulatory T cells | [14] |
2021 | Lymphoma, Colon carcinoma, Melanoma, Breast carcinoma | ICI | A high-fiber diet, Akkermansia muciniphila | Monocytes, Macrophages, NK cells, DCs, Type I IFN, and STING | [53] |