Table 1 Tumoroid culture system of common cancer types
From: Tumor organoids: applications in cancer modeling and potentials in precision medicine
Tumor type | Origin type | Culture system | Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Lung cancer (Five subtypes of lung cancer) | Surgically resection | Matrigel MBM which consists of serum-free DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with bFGF, human EGF, N2, B27, ROCK inhibitor, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin | Tumor modeling in histology, genetic characteristics, PD-L1 expression Drug sensitivity testing | [16] |
NSCLC (Adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas) | Surgically resected primary tumors with early-stage NSCLC NSCLC PDX tissues | 100% growth factor-reduced Matrigel Advanced DMEM/F12 supplemented with GlutaMAX, HEPES, Antibiotic–Antimycotic, B27, N-Acetylcystenine; recombinant human EGF, FGF-10, FGF-4, and Noggin; A83-01, Y-27632, SAG, CHIR 99021 | NSCLC modeling in histology and genetic profiling Drug response testing: the response of KRAS-mutant organoids to MEK inhibitors The response of FGFR-amplified organoids to the combination of trametinib and BKM120 with BGJ398 | [24] |
Breast cancer (Major disease subtypes: triple-negative, ER-positive/PR-positive, Her2-positive) | Surgical resection | BME Type 1: Advanced DMEM/F12 supplemented with R-spondin 1, Noggin, B27, Vit A, Nicotinamide, N-Acetylcystenine, Primocin, Y-27632 (optional), Heregulin-B1, FGF-7, FGF-10, A83-01, EGF, SB202190 Type 2: The addition of Wnt3a, Hydrocortisone, beta-estradiol, and Forskolin, and the removal of FGF-7 and SB202190 on the basis of Type 1 | Genetic manipulation in vitro Orthotopic organoid transplantation in mice with estrogen pellets | [63] |
Gastric cancer | Gastrectomy specimen | Matrigel Advanced DMEM/F12, GlutaMax, HEPES, penicillin/streptomycin, Wnt3a, R-spondin1, Noggin, B27, EGF, FGF10, N-Acetylcystenine, Gastrin, A83-01, Y-27632, primocin | Gastric cancer modeling; recapitulation of genomic and transcriptomic features High-throughput drug screen Discovery of potential target drugs | [68] |
Liver cancer (HCC, intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma) | Needle biopsies | Reduced growth factor BME2 Advanced DMEM/F-12 supplemented with B-27, N-2, Nicotinamide, N-Acetylcystenine, gastrin, forskolin, A83-01, EGF, FGF10, HGF, R-spondin1, Wnt3a Adapted medium with addition of FGF19 as well as lack of forskolin, HGF, N-Acetylcystenine, and Nicotinamide | Liver cancer modeling Recapitulation of histopathological characteristics, somatic genetic alterations Drug sensitivity testing HCC and intrahepatic CCC organoids show differential sensitivity to sorafenib | [84] |
PDAC | Pancreatectomy | Growth factor-reduced Matrigel Advanced DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with HEPES, GlutaMax, penicillin/streptomycin, B27, N-Acetylcystenine Wnt-3a, R-spondin1, Noggin, EGF, FGF, Nicotinamide, Y-27263 and A83–01 | Investigation in tumor metastasis-related mechanism Inhibition of ERK1/2 in cancer-associated pancreatic stellate cells suppresses cancer–stromal interaction and metastasis | [102] |
Colorectal cancer | Biopsy | Matrigel Advanced DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with R-spondin 1, Noggin, EGF, HEPES, Glutamax, Normocin, Gentamicin/Amphotericin B, N2, B27, N-Acetylcysteine, Niacinamide, A83-01, SB202190, Gastrin, Prostaglandin E2 | Gastric cancer modeling; recapitulation of histopathology and genomic characteristics Drug sensitivity testing: Irradiation, 5-Fluorouracil, and Irinotecan | [112] |
Renal cancer | Surgical resection | Collagen I Advanced MEM/F12 supplemented with Wnt3a, R-spondin 1, HEPES, Glutamax, Nicotinamide, N-Acetylcysteine, B27 without VitA, A83-01, SB-202190, Penicillin/Streptomycin, Gastrin, EGF, Noggin, Normocin, IL-2 | Gastric cancer modeling Recapitulation of histopathology Presence of cytotoxic immune cells Differential response to drugs | [118] |
Bladder cancer | Cystectomy | BME Advanced DMEM/F-12, FGF10, FGF7, FGF2, B27, A83-01, N-Acetylcysteine, Nicotinamide (10Â mM) Y-27632 is added after passaging | Gastric cancer modeling Therapy response prediction | [18] |
Prostate cancer | Prostate needle biopsy Transurethral resection Prostatectomy Circulating tumor cells | ECM Advanced DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with Penicillin/Streptomycin, HEPES, GlutaMAX, B27, Nicotinamide, N-Acetylcysteine, EGF, A83-01, Noggin, R-spondin 1, Dihydrotestosterone, FGF2, FGF10, Prostaglandin E2, SB202190 Y-27632 is added after passaging | Tumor modeling | [133] |