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Table 2 Comparison between patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and patient-derived organoids (PDOs)

From: Tumor organoids: applications in cancer modeling and potentials in precision medicine

 

PDXs

PDOs

Ex vivo, in vivo, or in vitro

In vivo

Ex vivo or in vitro

Use of immunodeficient animals

Yes

No

Quantity of cells for establishment

Large

Small

Establishment time

6–8 months

4–6 weeks

Initiation success

Moderate

Moderate

Cost

More expensive

Expensive

Genetic/epigenetic alterations

Similar

Similar

Pathohistological characteristics

Similar

Similar

Response to anticancer drugs

Similar

Similar

Reliability as preclinical models

Yes

Yes

Throughput

Low

Moderate

Standardization

Moderate

Low