From: Tumor organoids: applications in cancer modeling and potentials in precision medicine
 | PDXs | PDOs |
---|---|---|
Ex vivo, in vivo, or in vitro | In vivo | Ex vivo or in vitro |
Use of immunodeficient animals | Yes | No |
Quantity of cells for establishment | Large | Small |
Establishment time | 6–8 months | 4–6 weeks |
Initiation success | Moderate | Moderate |
Cost | More expensive | Expensive |
Genetic/epigenetic alterations | Similar | Similar |
Pathohistological characteristics | Similar | Similar |
Response to anticancer drugs | Similar | Similar |
Reliability as preclinical models | Yes | Yes |
Throughput | Low | Moderate |
Standardization | Moderate | Low |