Reshaping the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors

Table 2 Reshaping STIE and TIME with radiotherapy

Cancer type	STIE		TIME		REF
Cancer type	Cell	Immune regulator	Cell	Immune regulator	REF
NSCLC	↑: CD8⁺ T, CD4⁺ T, NK, B cell, CD3⁻ immune cell, γ-H2AX foci PBL -: CD3⁺ T ↓: CTC, NLR, ALC, Ter cell	↑: ssDNA, IFNs, STING/TBK1 pathway, MIP-1α/CCL3 ↓: IDO, Artemin, MDC/CCL22	↑: T cell repertoire, Effector T, DC, N2 neutrophil, M2 macrophage, MDSC -: NK, Treg in TIL ↓: Total lymphocyte, TIL	↑: TGF-β, IFN-γ, PD-L1, ICAM-1, MHC-I, Fas, CSF-1, SDF-1, GFRα3, CCL2, CXCL16, PD-L1 on cancer cell -: PD-1, IFN Receptors, CXCL10, CXCL16	[33, 35, 36, 91, 155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166]
HCC	↑: TNF-α⁺ NK, CD3⁺CD56⁺NKT-like cell ↓: CD4⁺ T	↑: PD-L1, AFP, ALB, TNF-α	↑: CD4⁺ CD25⁺ T, CD4⁺ CD127⁺ T ↓: TIL	↑: TGF-β, MHC-I, PD-L1, PD-L1 on cancer, IFN-γ produced by dLN CD8⁺, CD4⁺ T ↓: HIF-1α	[53, 156, 158, 159, 162, 167,168,169,170,171]
NPC	↑: CCR4⁺ CD8⁺ T	↑: CCL22 ↓: pEBV, miR-142-5p	↓: TIL	↑: TGF-β, PD-L1, MHC-I, PD-L1 on cancer	[156, 158, 159, 172,173,174]

CTC circulating tumor cells, T T cells, NK natural killer, DC dendritic cell, dLN tumor draining lymph nodes, Ter-cells tumor-inducible, erythroblast-like cells, NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, ALB albumin, AFP alpha-fetoprotein, ALC absolute lymphocyte count, MDC macrophage-derived chemokine, PBL peripheral blood lymphocytes, TIL tumor-infiltrating immune cell (e.g., lymphocyte, APC antigen-presenting cells), pEBV plasma Epstein–Barr virus; ↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation; -, symbol, no significant change in the cited literature studies; ↑, ↓ and - reflected the changes in tumor tissue or cancer patients compared with adjacent normal tissue or non-cancer donors; REF reference

ISSN: 1756-8722