Reshaping the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors

Table 3 Reshaping STIE and TIME with immunotherapy

Cancer type	STIE		TIME		REF
Cancer type	Cell	Immune regulator	Cell	Immune regulator	REF
NSCLC	↑: PD-1⁺ CD8⁺ T, Ki-67⁺ PD-1⁺ CD8⁺ T, ICOS⁺ CD4⁺ T, Neoantigen-specific T	↑: IL-2R ↓: Exosomal PD-L1 (Patients responding to PD-1 inhibitor therapy)	↑: Antigen-specific CD8⁺ PD-1⁻ T, ICOS⁺ CD4⁺ T, PD-1⁺ Treg, Texp, NK, Activate PD-L1⁺ NK ↓: CD19⁺ B cell, CD8⁺ T	↑: TGF-β, IFN-γ, TNFα, PD-L1, CD38, CXCL13 on Texp, pSmad3 on cancer ↓: IL-2	[179, 193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204]
HCC	↑: CD8⁺ T, CD3⁺CD56⁺ NKT, CXCR3⁺CD8⁺ T_EM, Treg, APC	↑: PD-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CD107a	↑: TOX⁺ T, CD8⁺ PD1⁺ CXCR⁺ T, TNF⁺ T, CD3⁺CD56⁺ NKT, CD39⁺CD8⁺ TIL	↑: IL-2, CCL4	[54, 55, 205,206,207,208,209,210,211]
NPC	↓: EBV-specific T	↑: IFN-γ	↑: IFNβ-dependent NK ↓: CCR4⁺ Treg	↑: TRAIL	[212,213,214]

T T cells, NK natural killer, DC dendritic cell, TIL tumor-infiltrating immune cell (e.g., lymphocyte, APC antigen-presenting cells); T_EM effector memory T; Texp precursor exhausted T, EBV Epstein–Barr virus; TRAIL tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, ↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation; -, symbol: no significant change in the cited literature studies; ↑, ↓ and - reflected the changes in tumor tissue or cancer patients compared with adjacent normal tissue or non-cancer donors; REF reference

ISSN: 1756-8722