Table 3 List of repurposed mitochondria-targeted drugs
From: Mitochondrial adaptation in cancer drug resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management
Original application | Repurposed drug | Effects on mitochondria | Effects on cancer | Cancer type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Antidiabetes | Metformin | ↓Complex I activity, ↓Respiration, ↓ATP production | ↓Cell growth, ↑cell death, overcome chemoresistance | Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, etc. |
|  | HL156A | ↓MMP, ↑ROS, ↑caspase-3 and caspase-9 | ↑Apoptosis, antiproliferative, Radio sensitizing | Oral cancer |
|  | Phenformin | ↓Complex I, ↓respiration, ↓ATP production | Antiproliferative, radio sensitizing, overcome chemoresistance | Colorectal cancer, breast cancer |
|  | Exendin-4 (Exe-4) | Mitochondrial dysfunction, ↑ROS, | Overcome chemoresistance | Endometrial cancer |
|  | Canagliflozin | ↓Complex I, ↓respiration | Antiproliferative, Radio sensitizing, overcome chemoresistance | Prostate cancer, lung cancer, etc. |
|  | Pioglitazione | ↓Oxygen consumption | Antiproliferative, overcome chemoresistance | Prostate cancer |
Antibiotics | Tigecycline | ↓mtDNA-encoded proteins, ↓Respiration | Overcome chemoresistance | Renal carcinoma, ovarian cancer |
| Â | Levofloxacin | Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage | Inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis | Lung cancer |
Anthelminthic | Niclosamide | Mitochondrial dysfunction, activated Bax and caspases-3 | ↑Apoptosis, ↓Migration, ↓Invasion | Thyroid cancer, chondrosarcoma tumor |
|  | Ivermectin | ↓Mitochondrial respiration, ↓Membrane potential, ↓ATP levels | Inhibit angiogenesis, ↓growth and survival | Glioblastoma |
Antimalarial agents | Artemisinin | ↓MMP, ↑ROS, ↑Ca2+ | Cell cycle arrest, ↑Apoptosis, Anti-angiogenesis | Colorectal cancer, breast cancer |
|  | Artesunate | Mitophagy, ↓GSH, ↑ROS | ↑Cell death | Cervical cancer |
Antifungal agents | Itraconazole | VDAC1 inhibition, mitochondrial metabolism disruption | Inhibit angiogenesis, ↓Growth and survival | Breast cancer, liver cancer |
| Â | Ketoconazole | Mitophagy | Antiproliferative, overcome chemoresistance | HCC |
|  | Econazole | Ca2+ channel inhibition, cytochrome c leakage | ↑Cell death, Anti-tumorigenesis | Leukemia, colorectal cancer |
Antihypertension | Prazosin | ↓MMP, | Reduced tumor mass | Prostate |
|  | Quercetin | ↓MMP, | Antitumor, Radio sensitizing | Lung cancer, gastric cancer |
|  | Lercanidipine | Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial vacuolation | ↑Apoptosis, chemosensitization | Breast cancer |
|  | Telmisartan | Mitochondrial fission, ROS accumulation | ↑Apoptosis, chemosensitization | Melanoma |
Antidepressants | Imipramine | Stressed mitochondria restoration | Hijack aggressive character of cancer | Glioblastoma |
| Â | Amitriptyline | Stressed mitochondria restoration | Hijack aggressive character of cancer | Glioma |
|  | Chlorimipramine | ↓Complex III activity, ↓MMP, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation | Antitumor | Glioma |
| Â | Fluoxetine | Mitochondrial dysfunction | Antiproliferative, overcome chemoresistance | Colorectal cancer, breast, Ovarian cancer |
|  | Depression | Mitochondrial dysfunction | ↑Apoptosis, | Bladder cancer |
Antiepileptic drug | Valproic acid | ↓Respiration, ↓ATP production, ↑ROS | Antiproliferative, Pro-apoptotic, chemosensitization | Thoracic cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer |
Treatment for pain | Aspirin | Activated Bax and caspases-3, cytochrome c leakage | ↑Apoptosis | Cervical cancer |
Treatment for rheumatism | Indomethacin | Impairs mitochondrial dynamics | ↑Apoptosis, chemosensitization | Lung cancer, gastric cancer, etc. |
| Â | Auranofin | Inhibits mitochondrial TrxR | Antiproliferative | Lung cancer, ovarian carcinomas |
Treatment for stomachache, abdominal pain, rheumatism | Angelica polymorpha maxim root extract | ↓MMP, activated Bax and caspases-3 | ↑Apoptosis | Neuroblastoma |
Treatment for rheumatism, Liver cirrhosis | Euphorbia formosana Hayata (EF) | Mitochondria dysfunction | Tumor suppression | Leukemic cells |
Treatment for thalassemia, Friedreich’s ataxia kidney disease | Deferiprone | Suppress mitochondrial metabolism, ↓Respiration, ↑ROS | Antiproliferative, Reduce migration | Prostate, Breast cancer, etc. |
Iron chelator | VLX600 | ↓Respiration, ↓ATP production | Antitumor, chemosensitization | Ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, etc. |
Copper overload disorder | Tetrathiomolybdate | ↓Respiration, ↓ATP production | Inhibit angiogenesis, antitumor | Papillary thyroid cancer |
Alcohol-aversion drug | Disulfiram | Mitochondrial fission, ↓MMP | Antitumor, chemosensitization | Melanoma, colorectal cancer |
Copper-chelating agent | Elesclomol | Interacts with ETC, ↑ROS | ↑Apoptosis | Colorectal cancer, leukemia, etc. |
Palliative effects | Cannabinoids | Mitochondrial damage, ↑ROS | Reduce proliferation, induce apoptosis and autophagy, Inhibit invasion and angiogenesis, Improve chemosensitivity | Oral cancer, Lung cancer, etc. |