Skip to main content

Table 3 Clinical trials combining ICIs with chemotherapy/radiotherapy in CRC treatment

From: Warburg effect in colorectal cancer: the emerging roles in tumor microenvironment and therapeutic implications

Compound

Target

Combined therapy

Potential metabolic pathway

Outcomes

Reference

Camrelizumab (anti-PD-1) + 

Apatinib(VEGF inhibitor)

Advanced CRC

PhaseI/II

Apatinib suppresses glycolysis by inhibiting GLUT4/glucose uptake [339, 344]

Recruiting

NCT04067986

Camrelizumab (anti-PD-1) + 

Apatinib(VEGF inhibitor)

dMMR/MSI-H CRC

Phase II

Recruiting

NCT04715633

Durvalumab(anti-PD-L1) + 

Trametinib(MEK inhibitor)

MSS mCRC

Phase II

Trametinib can inhibit glycolysis through PKM2/c-myc axis [340, 345], reduce F-FDG uptake [346], inhibit glycolytic level in BRAF melanoma cells [347]

Active, not recruiting

NCT03428126

Nivolumab(anti-PD-1) + Trametinib (MEK inhibitor)

 ± Ipilimumab(anti-CTLA4)

mCRC

PhaseI/II

Recruiting

NCT03377361

PDR001(anti-PD-1) + Trametinib (MEK inhibitor)

 + Dabrafenib (Raf inhibitor)

mCRC with BRAF V600E mutation

Phase II

Recruiting

NCT03668431

PDR001(anti-PD-1) + Everolimus (mTOR inhibitor)

CRC

Phase I

Everolimus inhibits mTOR-mediated glycolysis [348, 349]

Completed

NCT02890069

Y-90(radioembolization) + SBRT + Durvalumab(anti-PD-L1) ± Tremelimumab(anti-CTLA4)

CRLM

Phase I

Yttrium-90-radioembolization can inhibit tumor glycolysis and decrease TLG (total lesion glycolysis) measured by F-FDG PET-CT [350,351,352]

Withdrawn

NCT03802747

Y-90(radioembolization) + Nivolumab(anti-PD-1)

CRLM

PhaseI/II

Withdrawn

NCT03307603

Y-90(radioembolization) + Durvalumab(anti-PD-L1)

CRLM

PhaseI/II

Recruiting

NCT04108481