Table 4 Immune-modulating effects of APOBEC3s by cancer type
From: APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis in cancer: causes, clinical significance and therapeutic potential
Cancer type | APOBEC3(s)* | Effect on immune system | Immune features associated with APOBEC3s | Study type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adrenal | 3B | Suppressive | Decreased immune cell infiltration | Patient | [162] |
Gastric | 3B | Suppressive | Fewer CD8+ T cells expressing effector antigens and immune checkpoint proteins | Patient | [37] |
Liver | 3B | Suppressive | More immunosuppressive mediators such as MDSCs and TAMs | Mouse | [163] |
Breast | 3B | Activating | More CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increased IFN-γ and cytotoxic granzyme B production. Fewer T-reg, Th2, and TAM cells | Mouse | [164] |
3B | Activating | More tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes | Patient | [165] | |
3B | Activating | Immune activation in pan-cancer analysis | Patient | [162] | |
3C-H | Activating | More CD8+ T-cells with greater receptor diversity and cytolytic activity | Patient | [48] | |
Bladder | 3B | Activating | Enrichment of immune-related signatures, including IFN-γ | Patient | [46] |
Mutation burden | Activating | Higher neoantigen loads, activated CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and M1 cells. Fewer MDSCs and naïve CD4+ T cells | Patient | [160] | |
3B | Activating | More cytotoxic T-cells with a higher CD8+/CD3+ ratio | Patient | [35] | |
Glioma | 3B, 3C, 3D, 3F, 3G, 3H | Activating | Increased myeloid cell infiltration, IFN-γ signaling, and PD-L1/2 expression | Patient | [51] |
Lung | 3B | Activating | More activated CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells. Fewer regulatory T cells | Patient | [166] |
3B | Activating | Upregulation of immune genes and more T cell infiltration to the tumor site | Patient | [36] | |
Mutation burden | Activating | Enrichment of interferon pathways | Patient | [89] | |
Melanoma | 3B | Activating | Immune activation in a multi-cancer analysis | Patient | [162] |
Ovarian | 3B | Activating | Greater tumor immune cell infiltration | Patient | [41] |
3G | Activating | Higher immune cell counts in the tumor microenvironment | Patient | [167] |