Fig. 6

Biological function and effect of senescent immune cells. A T-cell senescence may be activated by soluble factors secreted by cancer cells, Tregs, and occur during the aging process. The senescence markers such as p16, SA-βGal are elevated, co-stimulatory receptors (CD27, CD28) are decreased and CD57 is increased. Senescent T cells may have poor immune function and reveal immune suppressive TME. B p16 and SA-βGal highly expressed, senescent macrophages may enhance phagocytic activity or increase macrophage polarization by transferring M2 into M1. C In senescent MDSCs, p16 and p21 are highly expressed and upregulate the expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates the recruitment of MDSCs to tumor site. Tregs, regulatory T cells, MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Mainly from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2022.09.002)