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Table 2 CTC-derived xenograft models established to date

From: The functional and clinical roles of liquid biopsy in patient-derived models

Tumor type

Stage

CTC counts (/7.5 ml) and enumeration method

Enrichment and characterization

Injection procedure

Mice

Number

Success rate

Passage

References

BC

Metastatic luminal

 > 1109

EpCAM + (CellSearch)

Purified by FACS (PI-CD45-EpCAM +)

after depletion of hematopoietic cells using the RosetteSep kit

Injection in femoral medullar cavity

NSG

6 CDXs

5%

N/A

[45]

Metastatic triple-negative

969 CTCs

EpCAM + (CellSearch)

Density gradient centrifugation: Histopaque®

Subcutaneous injection/orthotopic injection

NUDE/Scid Beige

1 CDX line

3%

Piece of tumor explant or injection of explant culture

[41]

Triple-negative

N/A

By FACS (CD45/CD34/CD105/CD90/CD73 −)

Intracardiac injection

NSG

1 CDX line

N/A

Minced metastatic liver tissue

[48]

Metastatic luminal

N/A

Parsortix

Orthotopic injection

NSG

1 CDX

N/A

N/A

[49]

SCLC

Metastatic

 > 400

EpCAM + (CellSearch)

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

4 CDX lines

67%

Tumor fragments

[38]

N/A

N/A

CTC-iChip or RosetteSep Ficoll

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

5 CDX lines

38%

Tumor fragments

[39]

N/A

0–49 (67%) > 49 (33%)

EpCAM + (CellSearch)

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

38 CDX lines

17%

Tumor fragments

[46]

Extensive-stage

N/A

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

8 CDX lines

N/A

Tumor fragments

[50]

NSCLC

N/A

 > 150

CD45/CD144/vimentin/CK (FACS)

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

1 CDX line

100%

Disaggregation of tumor

[40]

Non-metastatic

N/A

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

2 CDXs

20%

N/A

[51]

 

Advanced

693 on average with a median of 9

EpCAM + (CellSearch)

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

3 CDXs

7.3%

Tumor fragments

[52]

LUAD

Stage IIa

CTC-TJH-01 cell line

Microfluidic Herringbone-Chip and immunomagnetic microbeads

Tail vein injection

NOD/SCID

1 CDX

N/A

N/A

[53]

Melanoma

Stage III or stage IV

N/A

By multi-parametric flow sorting (CD45-/CD34-/CD90-/CD73-/CD105-cells) and validation by FACS (S100 and Melan-A)

Injection into the left ventricle

NSG

8 CDXs

100%

N/A

[43]

Stage IV

N/A

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

7 CDXs

15%

N/A

[54]

HCC

Advanced

N/A

Purified by FACS (EpCAM + /CD45 −) after depletion of PBMCs

Subcutaneous injection

NOD/SCID

3 CDXs

50%

N/A

[42]

Colon Cancer

N/A

CTC-MCC-41 cell line

RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

SCID

1 CDX

N/A

N/A

[55]

PCa

Metastatic

N/A

By FACS (CD45-) after depletion of PBMCs

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

N/A

N/A

N/A

[44]

Metastatic castration resistant

19,988 CTCs xenografted in total

EpCAM + (CellSearch)

DLA + RosetteSep

Subcutaneous injection

NSG

1 CDX line

14%

Tumor fragments

[56]

BC and PCa

Metastatic

50 to 3000

EpCAM+ (CellSearch)

CellSearch

(EpCAM+)

Subcutaneous injection

NOD/SCID

8 CDXs

100%

N/A

[37]

  1. BC, breast cancer; EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; NOD, non-obese diabetic; SCID, severe combined immunodeficient; NSG, NOD scid gamma; CTC, circulating tumor cell; CDX, CTC-derived xenograft; N/A, not available; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PCa, prostate cancer