A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward

Background The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in over 100,000 deaths in the USA. Our institution has treated over 2000 COVID-19 patients during the pandemic in New York City. The pandemic directly impacted cancer patients and the organization of cancer care. Mount Sinai Hospital has a large and diverse multiple myeloma (MM) population. Herein, we report the characteristics of COVID-19 infection and serological response in MM patients in a large tertiary care institution in New York. Methods We performed a retrospective study on a cohort of 58 patients with a plasma-cell disorder (54 MM, 4 smoldering MM) who developed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020. We report epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics including the persistence of viral detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing, treatments initiated, and outcomes. Results Of the 58 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 36 were hospitalized and 22 were managed at home. The median age was 67 years; 52% of patients were male and 63% were non-White. Hypertension (64%), hyperlipidemia (62%), obesity (37%), diabetes mellitus (28%), chronic kidney disease (24%), and lung disease (21%) were the most common comorbidities. In the total cohort, 14 patients (24%) died. Older age (> 70 years), male sex, cardiovascular risk, and patients not in complete remission (CR) or stringent CR were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with hospitalization. Among hospitalized patients, laboratory findings demonstrated elevation of traditional inflammatory markers (CRP, ferritin, D-dimer) and a significant (p < 0.05) association between elevated inflammatory markers, severe hypogammaglobulinemia, non-White race, and mortality. Ninety-six percent (22/23) of patients developed antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 at a median of 32 days after initial diagnosis. The median time to PCR negativity was 43 (range 19–68) days from initial positive PCR. Conclusions Drug exposure and MM disease status at the time of contracting COVID-19 had no bearing on mortality. Mounting a severe inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 and severe hypogammaglobulinemia was associated with higher mortality. The majority of patients mounted an antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. These findings pave a path to the identification of vulnerable MM patients who need early intervention to improve outcomes in future outbreaks of COVID-19.


Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents a world-wide public health crisis. Patient care has been drastically altered, primarily in epidemic, urban areas. As of May 22, 2020, New York City had nearly 200,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with over 16,000 deaths and a patient death rate of 21% [1], with cancer patients comprising about 8% of all COVID-19 fatalities in the state of New York (https://covid1 9tracker.health.ny.gov/). Mount Sinai Hospital, a tertiary care center in New York City, has treated over 2000 admitted COVID-19 patients thus far. At our cancer center, we actively care for a large and particularly diverse population of over 3000 multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Like many other centers in the region and the world, clinical care at our institution has seen significant changes in an attempt to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to vulnerable cancer patients receiving treatment. Balancing the competing risks of treatment delay or alteration versus infection is essential and depends upon understanding the clinical profile of COVID-19 in this vulnerable population.
Limited studies describing the impact of COVID-19 both in the USA [2] and abroad [3][4][5][6] suggest a higher risk of hospitalization and poor outcomes including death in certain subsets of cancer patients. The effect of COVID-19 on patients with MM, the second most common hematological malignancy, is of particularly great concern due to immunosuppression associated with the disease, and at this time remains incompletely understood. MM is a plasma cell malignancy, diagnosed at a median age around 70 years in patients often with multiple comorbidities [7]. MM is associated with both cellular and humoral immune dysfunction and causes a state of generalized immune suppression, leaving patients especially vulnerable to infections [8,9].
We aimed to characterize the population of MM patients at our institution who developed COVID-19 in the epicenter of the pandemic in the USA. To address this, we retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 58 MM and smoldering MM (SMM) patients treated at the Mount Sinai Hospital who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 1 and April 30, 2020. We have identified several demographic characteristics and comorbidities associated with hospitalization and elevation of certain inflammatory markers associated with increased mortality as described below.

Study design, inclusion criteria, and data collection
The study was designed from a register of patients with SMM and MM in any phase of the response, currently receiving treatment or follow-up at the Mount Sinai Hospital. All patients with a confirmed or presumptive diagnosis of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020, were considered potentially relevant. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by Roche Cobas 6800 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients that were treated at the Mount Sinai Hospital. For patients admitted to other hospital systems, inclusion was based on external reporting and follow-up testing confirmation. Similarly, outpatients that reported a positive COVID-19 test to our clinic (e.g., over the phone) were included in the analysis, awaiting collection of their formal test results. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing was performed using an anti-IgG assay developed at Mount Sinai Health System Department of Pathology in collaboration with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Microbiology under a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Emergency Use Authorization. We reviewed clinical charts, nursing records, laboratory findings, and radiological images for patients and obtained demographic data from the electronic medical records. Plasma levels of selected inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were assessed using the ELLA rapid detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microfluidic platform and made available through the Mount Sinai data warehouse for hospitalized patients. Treatment response criteria were used as defined by the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) [19,20]. This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the Mount Sinai Hospital and is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (IRB: GCO#: 11-1433).

Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are presented as a median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables are shown as a percentage and an absolute number of patients. Wherever two outcome groups are compared, Fisher's exact test was used to determine significance and odds ratios (ORs) were reported for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine significance for continuous variables. A two-sided alpha < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were done using R (version 3.6.1).

Baseline characteristics
Our cohort of 58 patients encompassed 52% males and had a median age of 67 years (IQR: 12.5 years), with 17% of patients older than 75 years ( Table 1). The median body mass index (BMI) was 27.6 kg/m 2 (with 37% of patients with a BMI > 30 kg/m 2 ). The majority of patients reported being non-White (63%), with 13 (23%) patients of African American and 9 (16%) of Hispanic origin.

Myeloma characteristics
The cohort included 54 MM and 4 SMM patients ( Table 2). The median time from diagnosis to COVID-19 infection was 29.8 months (IQR: 44.2 months). MM patients had a median of 1.5 (IQR: 2) lines of therapy, and 9 (17%) patients had more than 4 previous lines of treatment. Twenty-two (41%) patients had a prior autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT).

Clinical course and biochemical parameters
The most common reported symptoms among all patients were fever (70%), cough (65%), and dyspnea (45%). Thirty-six patients were admitted at a hospital for inpatient care, 23 of which were admitted at our healthcare system and had both clinical and biochemical parameters available, as shown in Table 3. The median time between self-reported symptom onset and admission was 3 days. Among the 23 patients, 16 (70%) were febrile, and 11 (48%) were tachycardic with a heart rate > 100 beats per minute (bpm) at the time of presentation. Ten (43%) patients required immediate oxygen support: 7 needed a nasal cannula or non-rebreather mask, 1 needed high flow oxygen, and 2 were immediately intubated and required mechanical ventilation.

Clinical associations
In a univariate analysis on all patients, we found that the following variables were significantly associated with hospitalization, as shown in Table 4: age over 70 (OR 7.74, p = 0.007), male sex (OR 3.70, p = 0.030), diabetes mellitus type 2 (OR 6.18, p = 0.016), high cardiovascular risk profile (OR 3.42, p = 0.032), history of CAD (OR ∞, p = 0.009), history of CHF (OR ∞, p = 0.037), use of statins (OR = 12.10, p < 0.001) and use of beta-blockers  (OR 9.63, p = 0.002). We also noted significant associations between hospitalization status and grade 3 lymphocytopenia (OR ∞, p = 0.036) at the last clinic visit prior to COVID-19 infection. Patients who had not achieved a CR or sCR were at increased risk of hospitalization (p = 0.013). Similarly, for hospitalized patients, using a univariate approach, we found a statistically significant association between mortality and these variables: non-White race (OR 10.49, p = 0.011), statin use (OR 6.21, p = 0. 012), severe hypogammaglobulinemia (OR 7.80, p = 0.027), and higher peak levels of D-dimer (p = 0.004), ferritin (p = 0.007), procalcitonin (p = 0.010), and CRP (p = 0.019). The full list of associations is shown in Table 4.

Discussion
Situated in the heart of New York City, our cancer center at Mount Sinai Hospital bore witness to the immense disruption of healthcare services caused by COVID-19. During the initial phase of the pandemic, the goal was to keep patients at home following federal and state guidelines of isolation, social distancing, and strict hand hygiene [24][25][26]. Patients were switched to all oral regimens if possible or had delayed therapy depending on the perceived risk of need for therapy to control myeloma versus exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Yet community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic was inevitable.
There were no deaths among myeloma patients with milder symptoms who were managed entirely as outpatients with COVID-19 in this cohort. The mortality rates of the overall cohort (n = 58), MM patients admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital (n = 23), and all admitted MM patients (n = 36) were 24%, 30%, and 39%, respectively. These figures are in line with the overall mortality seen in New York, where the estimated mortality among hospitalized patients over 45 years old is 37% as of May 25, 2020 [1,27]. Interestingly, the mortality among our cohort of MM patients was lower than the 54.6% seen in a cohort of 75 MM patients treated in Britain [28]. We acknowledge that the apparent mortality differences between different countries and health systems may be affected by the local epidemiology, hospitalization, and resource utilization rates and potential differences in the escalation of care. However, in both of these populations, there appeared to be a trend toward increased mortality in patients of non-White/Caucasian background. This has been consistently seen in the USA, where death rates for COVID-19 are several fold higher in patients of Black and Hispanic origins [29][30][31]. MM specific disease characteristics and the type of MM treatment were not associated with increased mortality. In contrast, we observed that age and cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, CAD, CHF) were significantly associated with patient hospitalization for COVID-19. The data from our cohort showed that non-White background, severe (< 400 mg/dL) hypogammaglobulinemia, and statin use were significantly associated with mortality. This information would indicate that during the post pandemic phase, we do not have to change the management of myeloma patients. However, earlier diagnosis of COVID-19 and prompt intervention especially for the vulnerable population identified above is warranted to reduce the risk of mortality. As we reopen and move forward into a post-COVID-19 era, we will need to remain vigilant, particularly for select patient groups, and await effective COVID-19 treatments while balancing the need to manage patients' myeloma.
We were able to capture the evolution of inflammatory markers for patients who were admitted to the inpatient service, and we found a significant association with   [32]. It is possible that a CRS-like syndrome, similar though not identical to one seen in MM patients treated with CAR-T cells [13,33] and bispecific antibodies [34,35], occurs in a significant portion of MM patients afflicted with COVID-19. Various agents including but not limited to anti-IL-6 [36] monoclonal antibodies and JAK inhibitors [37] are presently under investigation to address potential components of immune dysregulation in COVID-19. We noted that patients who died from COVID-19 had alarmingly elevated D-dimer levels compared to survivors (median of 18.24 mg/L vs 1.96 mg/L). Emerging research suggests that the overwhelming immune activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection is a potent catalyst for significant arterial and venous thromboembolism leading to strokes and pulmonary emboli [15,38], and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 have been tied to endothelial damage underlying thrombus formation seen in COVID-19 [39].
To counter this possibility, a large majority of patients admitted to our institution in this cohort received therapeutic anticoagulation and none suffered bleeding events. Our data regarding inflammatory markers raises the question if the process driving severe D-dimer elevation in MM patients with COVID-19 is the same or is separate from the CRS-like process seen in many COVID-19 patients. Data on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 by PCR and development of specific antibody response to the virus in potentially immunocompromised cancer patients have thus far been lacking. A significant majority of tested patients among this cohort cleared infection by PCR and developed antibodies despite a very high proportion of patients who fit the definition of classical myeloma-associated immunoparesis. Immunoparesis alone was not significantly associated with hospitalization or mortality and importantly did not appear to affect the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Looking forward, we will need to determine if the development of antibodies confers protection against reinfection.
This study has the limitations of single institution, retrospective reporting of a smaller cohort of patients. Serological data were not available for a minority of the patients who were hospitalized at outside institutions. The observations reported here have to be confirmed by a larger series of data collected from multiple institutions and such efforts are underway. Few patients received COVID-19-directed treatment on clinical trials. The role of recently emergency approved anti-viral agent remdesivir, or convalescent plasma should be explored in the high-risk population with myeloma.