Table 6 Representative studies on the toxicity of nanoparticles to blood cells

Au NPs

K562 cells

Induced cell death by inducing ER stress

[278]

Au NPs

HL-60 cells

Induced caspases-dependent apoptosis

[282]

Ag NPs

HL-60 cells

Caused ROS mediated cytotoxicity

[283]

Ag NPs

Ba/F3 cell

Induced autophagy through the mTOR pathway mediated by ROS

[284]

PbO₂ NPs

K562

Caused oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell death

[285]

CNT

HL-60

Induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through AKT and MAPK pathways

[279]

THP-1

The longer nanotubes induced a stronger inflammatory response

[280]

GFNs

THP-1a

The surface oxidation states may cause GFNs to behave differently and cause different immunotoxic effects

[281]