Fig. 3

Schematic illustration of ncRNAs in cancer therapy from delivery to targeting. a ASO sequence searching and hybridization to the cognate site of mRNA and RNase H1 recruitment and cleavage. The schematic illustration of LNA (b) and MO (c) molecules, and their sequence hybridization to the cognate site of mRNA and RNase H1 recruitment and cleavage. d The mature miRNAs incorporated into RISC, then binded with a 6mer to 8mer seed sequence to the 3′UTR of an mRNA molecule, complementarity targeting the mRNA transcript for degradation, and imperfect complementarity inhibiting translation. e SiRNA interacts with RISC and binds to the target mRNA, resulting in the mRNA degradation. f Selective infectivity of the oncolytic virus shows that the delivery vehicle armed shRNA into cancer cells and inserted into DNA. The system can restrict shRNA expression to the cancer microenvironment and is expected to augment antitumor outcomes by siRNA-mediated knockdown of oncogene expression. g Engineering of 20 nucleotides in the sgRNA can be specifically delivered and expressed in cancer cells. The expressed sgRNA combines with Cas9 can recognize the complementary DNA sequence and generate the site-specific genomic double-strand breaks (DSBs)