Nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis: progress, challenges and opportunities

Table 2 Cell surface protein markers for CTC detection

Marker	Type of cell	Type of cancer	Detection method	Reference
EpCAM	CTC	Colorectal Breast Head and neck	CellSearch	[72]
EpCAM and FRα	CTC	Non-small cell lung cancer	CellSearch	[73]
Glycan	CTC	Breast	Flow cytometry	[74]
Vimentin	CTC	Gastrointestinal	Confocal microscopy	[75]
	EMT CTC	Prostate	CellSearch	[76]
	CTC	Sarcoma	Flow cytometry	[77]
Vimentin+PD-L1	CTC	Colorectal, prostate cancer	Confocal microscopy	[78]
Synaptophysin	CTC	Castration resistant prostate cancer	CellSearch	[79]
Major vault protein	Mesenchymal and intermediate CTCs	Hepatocellular carcinomas	Flow cytometry	[80]
Androgen receptor	CTC	Metastatic breast cancer	Epic Sciences CTC platform	[81]
p75 Neurotrophin receptor+EpCAM	CTC	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Flow cytometry	[82]
Carbonic anhydrase 9 and CD147	CTC	Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	NanoVelcro	[83]
Excision repair cross-complementation group 1	CTC	Platinum resistance ovarian cancer	Reverse-transcription PCR	[84]

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