Fig. 2
From: Targeting autophagy to overcome drug resistance: further developments
Regulation of autophagy. Multiple signaling pathways triggered by growth signals and energy status are integrated by mTOR, a core regulator of autophagic signaling, which initiate autophagy induction and inhibition. Cellular stresses, including genotoxic stress, ER stress, hypoxic stress and ROS, also elicit a series of intracellular and extracellular signal events and change the level of autophagic flux through distinct mechanisms