Table 1 Biomarkers and characteristics of MSCs derived from different sources

Bone marrow

CD13, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, STRO-1

CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR

Confirmed safety

[184,185,186]

Capacity to differentiate into hepatocyte

Adipose tissue

CD71, CD9, CD13, CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, HLA I, STRO-1

CD14, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD133, HLA-DR

Abondance in adipose tissue

[184, 187,188,189,190]

Have weaker differentiating potential towards osteocytes and chondrocytes

Birth-derived tissues

CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146

CD14, CD34, CD45

Have relatively high proliferation rate

[191,192,193]

Produce more insulin than bone marrow MSC

Dental pulp

CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105

CD14, CD34, CD45

Have odontoosteogenic properties

[194,195,196]

Locate within the dental crown

Peripheral blood

CD44, CD54, CD90, CD105, CD166, HLA-ABC

CD14, CD34, CD45, CD31

Manifest similar immunophenotypes and differentiation potential to those of bone marrow MSC

[197,198,199]

The volume of blood is large

Endometrium

CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146

CD34, CD45

Have the potential of mesodermal lineage differentiation

[197, 200, 201]

Producing high level of leukemia inhibitory factors

Skin

CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, CD29

CD34, CD45, HLA-DR

Have higher proliferation rate than that of adipose MSC

(202,203,204)