Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation

Wu, Mengling; Huang, Qianrui; Xie, Yao; Wu, Xuyi; Ma, Hongbo; Zhang, Yiwen; Xia, Yong

doi:10.1186/s13045-022-01242-2

Journal of Hematology & Oncology

Table 2 Representative ongoing clinical trials for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in combination with other cancer treatment regimens

From: Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation

Interventions	Target	Conditions	Phase	Development status	Trial number
1. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade + Other type of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Approved immune-checkpoint inhibitors therapies	PD-1 + PD-L1 + CTLA-4	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 4	Recruiting	NCT03673332
Nivolumab + ipilimumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03823625, NCT03285321, NCT03333616
Nivolumab + ipilimumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03001882, NCT03091491, NCT03262779
Nivolumab + ipilimumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Enrolling by invitation	NCT03083691
Nivolumab + ipilimumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 3	Active, not recruiting	NCT02538666
Nivolumab + ipilimumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 4	Active, not recruiting	NCT02869789
Pembrolizumab + ipilimumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4	NSCLC	Phase 3	Active, not recruiting	NCT03302234
Nivolumab + relatlimab	PD-1 + LAG-3	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04205552, NCT04623775
BI 754091 + BI 754111	PD-1 + LAG-3	NSCLC	Phase 1	Active, not recruiting	NCT03156114
XmAb®23104 + ipilimumab	PD-1/ICOS + CTLA-4	Melanoma; NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03752398
Nivolumab + ipilimumab or chemotherapy	PD-1 + CTLA-4/chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03158129
Nivolumab + ipilimumab or nivolumab + platinum-doublet chemotherapy	PD-1 + CTLA-4 / PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 3	Recruiting	NCT02477826
Durvalumab + tremelimumab + chemotherapy	PD-L1 + CTLA-4 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 3	Recruiting	NCT03164616
2. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade + Chemotherapy
Nivolumab + decitabine + tetrahydrouridine	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02664181
Nivolumab + gemcitabine	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 4	Not yet recruiting	NCT04331626
Nivolumab + docetaxel	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 3	Recruiting	NCT03906071
Nivolumab/pembrolizumab + chemotherapy	PD-1 + chemotherapy	SCLC	Not Applicable	Not yet recruiting	NCT04306042
Nivolumab + carboplatin + paclitaxel	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT02259621
Nivolumab + platinum-based chemotherapy	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03823625
Nivolumab + paclitaxel + carboplatin AUC5	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT04699721
Nivolumab + carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04015778
Nivolumab + temozolomide	PD-1 + chemotherapy	SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03728361
Nivolumab + decitabine + tetrahydrouridine	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02664181
Nivolumab + irinotecan	PD-1 + chemotherapy	SCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT04173325
Nivolumab + carboplatin + cisplatin + etoposide	PD-1 + chemotherapy	SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03382561
Toripalimab + platinum-based chemotherapy	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT05055583
Opdivo/Keytruda + tirapazamine	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03259867
Camrelizumab + nab-paclitaxel	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04167774
PD-1 inhibitor + chemotherapy	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04941417
Pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + gemcitabine + cisplatin + carboplatin	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04586465
Pembrolizumab + tirapazamine	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04701476
Atezolizumab + gemcitabine	PD-L1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04480372
Nivolumab + relatlimab + carboplatin + cisplatin + paclitaxel + nab-paclitaxel + pemetrexed	PD-1 + LAG-3 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04623775
Nivolumab + BMS-986012 + carboplatin + etoposide	PD-1 + fucosyl-GM1 + chemotherapy	SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04702880
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + platinum-doublet chemotherapy	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02659059
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + oxaliplatin	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04043195
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + paclitaxel	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03573947
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + guadecitabine	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + chemotherapy	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04250246
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + platinum-based chemotherapy	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + chemotherapy	SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03670056
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody + Chemotherapy + bronchoscopy-assisted interventional therapy	PD-1/PD-L1 + chemotherapy + interventional therapy	NSCLC	Phase 2, Phase 3	Not yet recruiting	NCT04702009
Immune checkpoint inhibitor + chemotherapy	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Not applicable	Recruiting	NCT04807114
Durvalumab + bevacizumab + pemetrexed + cisplatin/carboplatin + SBRT	PD-L1 + EGFR + chemotherapy + SBRT	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04517526
Camrelizumab + apatinib + albumin paclitacxel	PD-1 + VEGF + chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04459078
Nivolumab + ipilimumab/nivolumab + chemotherapy	PD-1 + CTLA-4 / PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 3	Active, not recruiting	NCT02998528
Pembrolizumab + carboplatin-paclitaxel/nab-paclitaxel	PD-1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 3	Active, not recruiting	NCT02775435
Atezolizumab + chemotherapy	PD-L1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 3	Active, not recruiting	NCT02486718
Pembrolizumab + chemotherapy + radiotherapy	PD-1 + chemotherapy + radiotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03631784
Atezolizumab + carboplatin/cisplatin + pemetrexed	PD-L1 + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 3	Active, not recruiting	NCT02657434
3. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade + Radiotherapy
Nivolumab/pembrolizumab + radiotherapy	PD-1 + radiotherapy	Melanoma	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04017897
Sintilimab + radiotherapy	PD-1 + radiotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04513301
Nivolumab + radiosurgery	PD-1 + radiosurgery	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02978404
Nivolumab + intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)	PD-1 + IMRT	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04577638
Nivolumab + SBRT	PD-1 + SBRT	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04271384
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + radiation therapy	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + radiotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03168464, NCT04013542, NCT02696993
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + thoracic radiation therapy(TRT)	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + TRT	SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03043599
Nivolumab + BMS-986218 + SBRT	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + SBRT	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04785287
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + SBRT	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + SBRT	SCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03223155
Durvalumab + radiotherapy	PD-L1 + radiotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04062708
Durvalumab + tremelimumab + radiation therapy	PD-L1 + CTLA-4 + radiotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02888743
Atezolizumab + SBRT	PD-L1 + SBRT	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT02992912
Nivolumab/pembrolizumab/atezolizumab + stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)	PD-1/PD-L1 + SBRT	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03511391
Immunotherapeutic agent + radiation	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + radiotherapy	NSCLC	Not applicable	Active, not recruiting	NCT03035890
Immunotherapy + radiation	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + radiotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Not applicable	Recruiting	NCT03705806
Nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab or atezolizumab + SBRT	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + SBRT	Melanoma; NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03693014
Durvalumab + bevacizumab + pemetrexed + cisplatin/carboplatin + SBRT	PD-L1 + EGFR + Chemotherapy + SBRT	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04517526
4. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade + targeted therapy
Spartalizumab + PBF-509	PD-1 + AR	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02403193
Pembrolizumab + INCB001158	PD-1 + Arg	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02903914
PD-1 inhibitor + metformin	PD-1 + AMPK	SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03994744
Nivolumab + metformin hydrochloride	PD-1 + AMPK	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03048500
Nivolumab + ceritinib	PD-1 + ALK	NSCLC	Phase 1	Active, not recruiting	NCT02393625
PD-1 inhibitor + CAB-AXL-ADC	PD-1 + AXL	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04681131
PD-1 inhibitor + CAB-AXL-ADC	PD-1 + AXL	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03425279
Nivolumab + BMS-986340	PD-1 + CCR8	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04895709
Spartalizumab + NIR178	PD-1 + CD73	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03207867
Nivolumab + pembrolizumab + OR2805	PD-1 + CD163	Melanoma; NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT05094804
Nivolumab + cabiralizumab + APX005M	PD-1 + CSF1R + CD40	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03502330
Nivolumab + nimotuzumab	PD-1 + EGFR	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT02947386
Nivolumab + nintedanib	PD-1 + EGFR	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04046614
Nivolumab + BT5528	PD-1 + EphA2	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04180371
Sintilimab + pemigatinib	PD-1 + FGFR	NSCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT05004974
Nivolumab + BMS-986012 + carboplatin + etoposide	PD-1 + fucosyl-GM1 + chemotherapy	SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04702880
Nivolumab + BMS-986012	PD-1 + fucosyl-GM1	SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02247349
Nivolumab + plinabulin	PD-1 + GEF-H1	NSCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT02812667
Nivolumab + ACY-241	PD-1 + HDAC6	NSCLC	Phase 1	Active, not recruiting	NCT02635061
Nivolumab + HBI-8000	PD-1 + HDAC	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02718066
PDR001 + DKY709	PD-1 + helios (IKZF2)	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03891953
Nivolumab + Ipilimumab + BMS-986205	PD-1 + IDO1	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02658890
Nivolumab + LT-803	PD-1 + IL-15	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02523469
Spartalizumab + JDQ443 + TNO155	PD-1 + KRAS G12C + SHP2	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04699188
Spartalizumab + capmatinib	PD-1 + MET	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT04323436
Nivolumab + glesatinib + sitravatinib + mocetinostat	PD-1 + MET/SMO + RTK + HDAC (Class I/IV)	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02954991
Nivolumab + rucaparib	PD-1 + PARP	SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03958045
Nivolumab + copanlisib	PD-1 + PI3K	NSCLC	Phase 1	Active, not recruiting	NCT03735628
Nivolumab + eganelisib	PD-1 + PI3K-γ	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1	Active, not recruiting	NCT02637531
Nivolumab + TPST-1120	PD-1 + PPARa	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03829436
Nivolumab + COM701	PD-1 + PVRIG	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03667716
Nivolumab + denosumab	PD-1 + RANKL	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03669523
PD-1 inhibitor + CAB-ROR2-ADC	PD-1 + ROR2	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03504488
Nivolumab + sitravatinib	PD-1 + RTKs	NSCLC	Phase 3	Recruiting	NCT03906071
Spartalizumab + TNO155 + ribociclib	PD-1 + SHP2 + CDK4/6	NSCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT04000529
PD-1 inhibitor + JAB-3068	PD-1 + SHP2	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04721223
Camrelizumab + famitinib	PD-1 + TKI	NSCLC	Phase 3	Recruiting	NCT05106335
Immune checkpoint inhibitor + anti-angiogenesis agents	PD-1 + VEGF	NSCLC	Not applicable	Recruiting	NCT04137588
Ezabenlimab + BI 836880	PD-1 + VEGF/Ang2	NSCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03468426
Camrelizumab + apatinib + albumin paclitacxel	PD-1 + VEGF + chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04459078
Tislelizumab + anlotinib + irinotecan	PD-1 + VEGFR	SCLC	Not applicable		NCT05027100
PD-1 inhibitor + anlotinib	PD-1 + VEGFR	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04790409
Nivolumab + anlotinib	PD-1 + VEGFR	NSCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04211896
Nivolumab + ramucirumab	PD-1 + VEGFR2	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03527108
Nivolumab + anlotinib	PD-1 + VEGFR2	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04507906
Nivolumab + AL3818	PD-1 + VEGFR2	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04165330
Nivolumab + X-82	PD-1 + VEGFR/PDGFR	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03583086
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + nintedanib	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + EGFR	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03377023
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + plinabulin	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + GEF-H1	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03575793
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + NKTR-214	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + IL-2	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02983045
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + Tocilizumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + IL-6	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04940299
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + denosumab	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + RANKL	Melanoma	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03161756
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + BMS-986207	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + TIGIT	NSCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT05005273
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + certolizumab/infliximab	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + TNF-a	Melanoma	Not applicable	Active, not recruiting	NCT03293784
Pembrolizumab + GEN1046	PD-1 + PD-L1 + 4-1BB	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT05117242
Durvalumab/avelumab/atezolizumab/nivolumab/pembrolizumab + N-803 + PD-L1 t-haNK	PD-1/PD-L1 + IL-15 + cell therapy	Melanoma; NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03228667
ICB + MDNA11	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + IL-2	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT05086692
Durvalumab + oleclumab/ceralasertib	PD-L1 + CD73/ATR	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03833440
Durvalumab + bevacizumab + pemetrexed + cisplatin/carboplatin + SBRT	PD-L1 + EGFR + chemotherapy + SBRT	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04517526
Atezolizumab + tocilizumab	PD-L1 + IL-6R	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04691817
Atezolizumab + cabozantinib	PD-L1 + TKI	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03170960
Atezolizumab + ramucirumab	PD-L1 + VEGFR-2	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03689855
Durvalumab-platinum–etoposide + anlotinib	PD-L1 + VEGF	SCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04660097
Ipilimumab + osimertinib	CTLA-4 + EGFR	NSCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT04141644
5. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade + cell therapy
Nivolumab + pembrolizumab + atezolizumab + FT500	PD-1 + PD-L1 + NK cell cancer immunotherapy	Melanoma; SCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT03841110
Sintilimab + CIK cell + pemetrexed + albumin paclitaxel + carboplatin	PD-1 + CIK cell therapy + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04836728
Nivolumab + MILs™—NSCLC + Tadalafil	PD-1 + cell therapy + PDE-5	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT04069936
Nivolumab, ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, lifileucel, LN-145, LN-145-S1	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + TIL cell therapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03645928
Atezolizumab + cyclophosphamide + fludarabine + MAGE-A1-specific T cell receptor-transduced autologous T cells	PD-L1 + cell therapy + Chemotherapy	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04639245
Nivolumab + IRX 2	PD-1 + cell therapy	Melanoma; NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1	Active, not recruiting	NCT03758781
6. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade + vaccine
ICB + ChAdOx1-MAGEA3-NYESO/MVA-MAGEA3 + chemotherapy	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + vaccine + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04908111
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + dendritic cell-based p53 Vaccine	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + vaccine	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03406715
Nivolumab + UCPVax	PD-1 + vaccine	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04263051
Nivolumab + pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + viagenpumatucel-L	PD-1 + DHFR + vaccine	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02439450
Nivolumab + TG4010 + chemotherapy	PD-1 + vaccine + chemotherapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03353675
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + GRT-C901/GRT-R902	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + vaccine	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03639714
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + GRT-C903/GRT-R904	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + vaccine	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT03953235
Nivolumab + pembrolizumab + recombinant human EGF-rP64K/montanide ISA 51 vaccine	PD-1 + vaccine	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT02955290
Nivolumab + ipilimumab + UV1 vaccine + leukine	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + vaccine	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04300244
Nivolumab + pembrolizumab + GEN-009 adjuvanted vaccine	PD-1 + vaccine	NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Active, not recruiting	NCT03633110
7. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade + Other treatment regimens
ICI + fecal microbial transplantation (FMT)	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + FMT	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 2	Not yet recruiting	NCT04951583
Nivolumab + FMT by capsules	PD-1 + FMT	Melanoma; NSCLC	Phase 1, Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04521075
Opdivo + Yervoy + Novocure Optune	PD-1 + CTLA-4 + electric field therapy	Melanoma	Phase 1	Not yet recruiting	NCT05004025
Camrelizumab + microwave ablation (MWA)	PD-1 + MWA	NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT05053802
Pembrolizumab + laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT)	PD-1 + LITT	Melanoma; NSCLC; SCLC	Phase 1	Recruiting	NCT04187872
Pembrolizumab + Radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo, BAY 88–8223)	PD-1 + radiotherapeutic drug	NSCLC	Phase 1	Active, not recruiting	NCT03996473
ICB + CAN-2409 + valacyclovir	PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 + gene therapy	NSCLC	Phase 2	Recruiting	NCT04495153
ICB + Different sleep conditions	ICB + sleep disturbances	NSCLC; SCLC	Not Applicable	Recruiting	NCT04070651
Exercise intervention + standard oncological treatments	ICB + chemotherapy + exercise intervention	NSCLC; SCLC	Not Applicable	Recruiting	NCT04263467

Phase 4: Only after the drug is approved can it enter the phase 4 of the trial. At this stage, new uses or new populations of drugs, long-term effects and subjects' responses to different doses can be further studied
NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer, SCLC small-cell lung cancer, PD-1 programmed cell death-1, PD-L1 PD-1 ligand, CTLA-4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, LAG-3 lymphocyte-activation gene 3, ICOS inducible co-stimulator, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, IMRT intensity modulated radiotherapy, SBRT stereotactic body radiation therapy, TRT thoracic radiation therapy, AR adenosine receptor, Arg arginase, AMPK adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ATR ATR serine/threonine kinase, AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, CCR8 CC chemokine receptor 8, CD73 ecto-5'-nucleotidase, CSF1R colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, EphA2 ephrin A receptor 2, FGFR fibroblast growth factor receptor, GEF-H1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1, HDAC histone deacetylase, Helios IKAROS-family genes, IDO1 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, IL-2 interleukin-2, IL-6 interleukin-6, IL-6R interleukin-6 receptor, IL-15 interleukin-15, KRAS KRAS proto-oncogene, SHP2 Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatases, MET MET proto-oncogene, RTKs AXL, MER, VEGFR2, PDGFR, KIT, RET, MET, DDR2, TRKA, PARP poly ADP ribose polymerase, PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PPARa peroxisome proliferator activated receptor a, PVRIG CD112 receptor, RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, ROR2 recombinant receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2, CDK4/6 cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6, TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PDGFR platelet-derived growth factor receptor, TIGIT T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains, TNF-a tumor necrosis factor-a, CIK cytokine-induced killer, TIL tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, DHFR dihydrofolate reductase, FMT fecal microbial transplantation, MWA microwave ablation, LITT laser interstitial thermotherapy

Back to article page

ISSN: 1756-8722

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com