Table 2 Exosomes and their function in mediating drug resistance/sensitivity in cancer
From: Emerging role of exosomes in cancer progression and tumor microenvironment remodeling
Cancer type | Chemotherapeutic agent | Signaling network | Remark | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast cancer | Adriamycin | – | Drug resistance is induced by the transfer of P-gp and UCH-L1 proteins through exosomes into the extracellular microenvironment | [260] |
Breast cancer | Anthracycline and taxane agents | – | Chemoresistance is observed in breast cancer patients who had high levels of GSTP1-containing exosomes | [261] |
Breast cancer | Adriamycin | MDR1 P-glycoprotein | Drug resistance is induced by exosomes by enhancing the expression of MDR1 and P-glycoprotein Chemoresistance is inhibited by suppression of exosome formation and secretion by psoralen | [262] |
Breast cancer | Gemcitabine | Autophagy EMT/HIF-α | Autophagy is inhibited by exosomes containing siMTA1 EMT is suppressed Tumor growth in vitro and in vivo is retarded | [263] |
Liver cancer | Sorafenib | – | Selectivity of exosomes against cancer cells is increased by modifying the surface of exosomes Drug resistance is suppressed by synergistic cancer chemotherapy with sgIQ 1.1 plasmid-loaded exosomes | [263] |
Leukemia | Etoposide | Bax Bcl-2 PARP Caspase-3 | Drug resistance is induced by exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 and decreasing the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and PARP | [264] |
Leukemia | Imatinib | Bax Bcl-2 Caspase-3 Caspase-9 | Apoptosis is prevented by exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells, and leukemia cell survival is increased The expression of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 is downregulated, and the expression of Bcl-2 is increased | [265] |
Leukemia | Imatinib | miRNA-328/ABCG2 | Drug sensitivity is increased by decreasing ABCG2 expression through miRNA-328 in exosomes | [266] |
Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | PD-L1/AMPK/ULK1/autophagy | Autophagy is induced by the exosomes containing PD-L1 through stimulation of the AMPK/ULK1 axis, which mediates drug resistance | [267] |
Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | STAT3/miRNA-21/PDCD4 | STAT3 is downregulated by a combination of temozolomide and pacritinib miRNA-21 expression is reduced to upregulate the PDCD4 tumor suppressor M2 polarization of macrophages is inhibited Glioblastoma tumorigenesis is prevented | [268] |
Non-small cell lung cancer | Cisplatin | miRNA-146a-5p | Low levels of miRNA-146a-5p are observed in cisplatin-resistant A549 cells and can be used to predict cancer recurrence | [269] |
Oral cancer | Cisplatin | miRNA-155/FOXO3a | FOXO3a expression is enhanced by exosomes containing the miRNA-155-inhibitor Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition is triggered to suppress cancer cell migration and invasion | [270] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Oxaliplatin | miRNA-214/P-gp miRNA-214/SF3B3 | P-gp and SF3B3 expression is decreased by exosomal miRNA-214 Drug sensitivity is increased | [271] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cisplatin | miRNA-199a-3p | Drug resistance is suppressed by apoptosis induction through the increased expression of miRNA-199a-3p delivered by exosomes | [272] |
Prostate cancer | Docetaxel | CD44v8-10 mRNA | Drug resistance is mediated by the presence of CD44v8-10-containing exosomes in the serum of prostate cancer patients | [273] |