The emerging role of pyroptosis in pediatric cancers: from mechanism to therapy

Table 1 Comparison of known programmed cell death

Type	Cellular morphological features				Biochemical features				Immune features
Type	Morphology	Membrane	Organelle	Remark(s)	DNA	Pore-forming cause	*	Caspase-dependent	Inflammation	Remark(s)
Pyroptosis	Swell	Pore formation	Intact/deformed	Inflammasome	RD	Gasdermin protein	√	√	√	ICD
Apoptosis	Shrink	Intact	Intact	Apoptotic body	LD	No	×	√	×	TCD or ICD
Necroptosis	Swell	Pore formation	Swell	Necrosome ^#	RD	MLKL	√	×	√	ICD
Autophagy	Crescent-shaped	Intact	Engulfed by autophagosome	Autophagosome	RD	No	×	×	×	ICD
Ferroptosis	Swell	Pore formation	Smaller mitochondria	Autophagosome	RD	Iron-dependent lipid peroxidation	√	×	√	ICD
PANoptosis	NA	Pore formation	NA	PANoptosome	RD	Gasdermin/MLKL	√	√	√	TCD or ICD
Parthanatos	Not swell	Loss integrity	NA	Chromatin condensation	Large DNA fragmentation	NA	NA	×	√	ICD
Alkaliptosis	Necrosis-like	Pore formation	swell	Alkalinization-dependent	NA	NA	NA	×	√	ICD

“ *” indicates “IL-18, IL-1b release”; “ ^#” indicates “a key molecular signaling platform in necroptosis primarily comprising RIPK1 and RIPK3”; ICD: immunogenic cell death; IL: interleukin; LD: ladder degradation; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain-like; NA: not available; RD: random degradation; RIP: receptor-interacting protein; TCD: tolerogenic cell death

ISSN: 1756-8722