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Table 1 Representative regulators of targeted protein degradation involved in drug resistance

From: Protein degradation: expanding the toolbox to restrain cancer drug resistance

Protein degradation regulator

Category

Substrate

Therapeutic agents

Role

Tumor

Mechanism

Refs.

FBXO15

E3

P-gp

Vincristine and doxorubicin

Sensitive

CRC

Drug efflux

[54]

FBXO21

E3

P-gp

Valinomycin

Sensitive

Ovarian cancer

Drug efflux

[57]

MARCH8

E3

P-gp

Adriamycin, paclitaxel, and colchicine

Sensitive

Breast cancer, NSCLC

Drug efflux

[60]

AMFR

E3

P450s

Enzalutamide

Resistant

–

Drug metabolism

[77]

FBXW7

E3

BRAF

BET inhibitors

Sensitive

T cell leukemia

Altering drug target

[190]

Cbl-b

E3

EGFR

Adriamycin

Resistant

BC/GC

Altering drug target

[160]

SIAH2

E3

CHK2

Genotoxic agents

Sensitive

Multiple cancer types

DNA repair

[118]

MDM2

E3

p53

Cisplatin

Resistant

Uveal melanoma, ovarian cancer, lung cancer

DNA repair

[120,121,122]

TRIM28

E3

TRDMT1

DNA-damaging agents

Sensitive

Ovarian cancer

DNA repair

[139]

RNF144A

E3

DNA-PKcs

DNA-damaging agents

Sensitive

Multiple cancer types

DNA repair

[140]

CHIP

E3

BCL-2

Chemotherapy

Sensitive

Breast cancer

Apoptosis

[214]

CRL4

E3

STAT1

Cisplatin

Resistant

Ovarian cancer

Apoptosis

[215]

RNF44

E3

AMPK-α1

BRAFi

Resistant

Melanoma

Oncogenic bypass signaling

[225]

CHIP

E3

MAST1

Cisplatin

Sensitive

Multiple cancer types

Oncogenic bypass signaling

[227]

SIAH1

E3

ZEB1

Doxorubicin

Sensitive

HCC

EMT

[240]

FBXO32

E3

Snail

Platinum

Sensitive

Urothelial carcinoma

EMT

[242]

β-TrCP

E3

β-catenin and YAP

Vinorelbine and docetaxel

Sensitive

Triple-negative breast cancer

Stemness

[248]

β-TrCP

E3

NRF2

Temozolomide

Sensitive

Glioma

ROS signaling

[273]

β-TrCP

E3

NRF2

Chemotherapy

Sensitive

Pancreatic cancer

ROS signaling

[274]

USP28

DUB

BRAF

BRAF inhibitors

Resistant

Melanoma

Altering drug target

[191]

USP14

DUB

BRAF

BRAF inhibitors

Resistant

Melanoma

Altering drug target

[193]

USP22

DUB

EGFR

EGFR-TKIs

Resistant

Lung adenocarcinoma

 

[169]

USP17

DUB

EGFR

EGFR-TKIs

Resistant

NSCLC

Altering drug target

[292]

UCHL1

DUB

EGFR

EGFR-TKIs

Resistant

Breast cancer

Altering drug target

[170]

USP7

DUB

MDC1

Genotoxic insults

Resistant

Cervical cancer

DNA repair

[101]

USP7

DUB

CHK1

Cytarabine

Resistant

Acute myeloid leukemia

DNA repair

[104]

USP7

DUB

CDC25A

DNA-damaging agents

Resistant

Cervical cancer

DNA repair

[106]

USP7

DUB

PLK1

Taxane

Resistant

Lung cancer

DNA repair

[111]

USP24

DUB

p53

Radiation

Sensitive

 

DNA repair

[112]

USP28

DUB

p53

Genotoxic chemotherapy

Sensitive

Multiple cancer types

DNA repair

[113]

USP39

DUB

CHK2

Chemotherapy drugs and radiation treatment

Sensitive

Lung cancer

DNA repair

[114]

USP3

DUB

Claspin

Radiation

Resistant

Glioblastoma

DNA repair

[115]

USP9x

DUB

BRCA1

DNA-damaging agents

Resistant

Multiple cancer types

DNA repair

[134]

USP10

DUB

MSH2

N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 6-thioguanine (6-TG)

Sensitive

Lung cancer

DNA repair

[148]

USP2

DUB

cFLIP

Sorafenib

Resistant

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Apoptosis

[209]

USP17

DUB

Mcl-1

Platinum and paclitaxel

Resistant

Ovarian cancer

Apoptosis

[292]

USP9x

DUB

Mcl-1

Ionizing radiation

Resistant

Oral cancer

Apoptosis

[206]

USP15

DUB

Caspase-6

Imatinib

Sensitive

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Apoptosis

[210]

USP1

DUB

Snail

Platinum

Resistant

Ovarian cancer

EMT

[243]

USP51

DUB

ZEB1

Cisplatin

Resistant

Lung cancer

EMT

[293]

USP20

DUB

β-catenin

Chemotherapy

Resistant

Breast cancer

Stemness

[249]

USP22

DUB

β-catenin

5-fluorouracil

Resistant

Colorectal cancer

Stemness

[252]

USP10

DUB

YAP

Chemotherapy

Resistant

Breast cancer

Stemness

[256]

USP17

DUB

NRF2

Camptothecin and paclitaxel

Resistant

Colorectal cancer

ROS signaling

[292]

USP15

DUB

KEAP1

Chemotherapy

Sensitive

Multiple cancer types

ROS signaling

[271, 272]

USP29

DUB

HIF-1α

Sorafenib

Resistant

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hypoxia

[287]

Hsc70

Chaperone

HOXB13

Tamoxifen

Sensitive

Breast cancer

Microenvironment

[281]

Hsc70

Chaperone

MORC2

Antiestrogen therapies

Sensitive

Breast cancer

DNA repair

[124]