Table 1 The characteristics of PDAC patients for the discovery, training and validation cohorts

Total number, n

39 (60.0%)

26 (40.0%)

91

83

Gender

 Male

19 (48.7%)

10 (38.5%)

42 (46.2%)

45 (54.2%)

 Female

20 (51.3%)

16 (61.5%)

49 (53.9%)

38 (45.8%)

 Unknown

0

0

0

0

Age (years)

 Median (range)

66.1 (40–79)

68.3 (45–83)

67 (33–84)

70 (43–83)

 Unknown

0

0

0

0

Tumour stage

 IA

1 (2.6%)

1 (3.9%)

0

3 (3.61%)

 IB

14 (35.9%)

5 (19.2%)

0

6 (7.2%)

 IIA

5 (12.8%)

0

10 (11.0%)

17 (20.5%)

 IIB

10 (25.6%)

8 (30.8%)

42 (46.2%)

35 (42.2%)

 III

9 (23.1%)

12 (46.2%)

20 (22.0%)

7 (8.4%)

 IV

0

0

17 (18.7%)

15 (18.1%)

 Unknown

0

0

2 (2.2%)

0

Cancer grade

 G1

2 (5.1%)

0

0

0

 G2

20 (51.3%)

11 (42.3%)

45 (49.5%)

32 (38.6%)

 G3

16 (41.0%)

15 (57.7%)

29 (31.9%)

39 (47.0%)

 G4*

0

0

1(1.1%)

0

 Unknown

1 (2.6%)

0

16 (17.6%)

12 (14.5%)

Resection margin

 R0

33 (84.6%)

18 (69.2%)

13 (14.3%)

64 (77.1%)

 R1

6 (15.4%)

8 (30.8%)

65 (71.4%)

13 (15.7%)

 R2

0

0

12 (13.2%)

1 (1.2%)

 Unknown

0

0

1 (1.1%)

5 (6.0%)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

 Yes

0

0

8 (8.8%)

13 (15.7%)

 No

0

0

35 (38.5%)

51 (61.5%)

 Unknown

0

0

48 (52.8%)

19 (22.9%)

Adjuvant chemotherapy

 Yes

29 (74.4%)

15 (57.7%)

42 (46.2%)

59 (71.1%)

 No

9 (23.1%)

10 (38.5%)

10 (11.0%)

2 (2.4%)

 Unknown

1 (2.6%)

1 (3.9%)

39 (42.9%)

22 (26.5%)

CA19-9

 Median, U/ml (range)

59.5 (0.7–3517)

312.0 (8.5–38,878)

182.6 (1.0–9024.4)

189.2 (2.0–20,752.8)

 Unknown (no. of patients)

0

0

57

6

Follow-up time

 Median, days (range)

2085.0

302.5

466.0

402.0

(1104–4575)

(194–364)

(49–3246)

(33–3803)