Fig. 5
From: Exploiting RIG-I-like receptor pathway for cancer immunotherapy
Mechanisms underlying the induction of RLRs signaling by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy can induce mitochondrial DNA injury, the release of mitochondrial RNA into the cytosol and the nuclear–cytoplasmic translocation of small nucleolar RNAs (snRNAs), which engage RLRs activation. Both radiotherapy and DNA-damaging agents activate cGAS and thereby inhibit PARP1, leading to RIG-I/MAVS overexpression. DNA-damaging agents also induce long interspersed nuclear DNA element (LINE) and short interspersed nuclear DNA element (SINE) expression, thereby activating RLRs signaling