Fig. 1

The hallmarks of cancer and new additions. Besides the original hallmarks of cancer, four new hallmarks of “senescent cells,” “unlocking phenotypic plasticity,” “nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming,” and “polymorphic microbiomes” have been added to these parameters. The four new hallmarks are believed to stimulate debate, discussion and experimental elaboration, also give us multiple facets of understanding on human cancer. Cancer senescence can be regarded as a distinct TME feature as it leads to further research interest. TME, tumor microenvironment