Fig. 4

Model of microscopic changes in the TME after normalization therapy. a–f illustrate a series of changes in the TME resulting from the combined application strategies of normalization therapy. a represents the untreated TME; b represents the TME that has been remodeled after receiving normalization therapy of stromal cells; c represents the TME that becomes immunosuppressive due to the stimulation of continuous pro-inflammatory factors; d represents the TME that has undergone normalization therapy of immunity; e represents the TME formed by tumor cell-mediated immune escape in the presence of continuous inflammatory factors; f represents the tumor regression after normalization therapy of tumor cells; g depicts the dynamic changes of immune cells within the vasculature of the untreated TME; h depicts the dynamic changes of immune cells within the vasculature after receiving normalization therapy of stromal cells. TAMs Tumor-associated macrophages, CAFs Tumor-associated fibroblasts, MDSCs Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells, RTKs Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, VCAM1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. ICAM1 Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, GzmB Granzyme B, IDO Indoleamine 2,3 -dioxygenase