Fig. 5

Treatment strategies for cancer cachexia-associated muscle atrophy. Several inhibitors are tested to inhibit muscle atrophy caused by protein degradation, ROS, UPS, inflammation, myostatin, and GDF15. On the other hand, exercise, nutrition, and appetite stimulants are used to induce food intake and IGF1, which leads to the inhibition of muscle wasting. TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin 6; ROS, reactive oxygen species; G-Rd, ginsenoside Rd; and IGF1, insulin-like growth fact. The dashed lines indicate inhibited pathways