Fig. 2

Lipid metabolic alterations induced by oncogenic events and TME cues. Alterations in lipid metabolism in tumor cells are driven by oncogenic events and tumor environmental cues, such as hypoxia and nutritional deficiency conditions. a Activating mutations in oncogenes (such as MYC) and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (such as p53 and PTEN) often occur in various tumor cells. Alterations in these genes subsequently upregulate the expression of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism by regulating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway to activate transcriptional activity of SREBPs, or acting directly on key enzymes. As a consequence, lipid metabolism in tumor cells is enhanced. b TME encompasses various factors such as hypoxia, acidosis, and nutrient deficiency that promote tumorigenesis and cancer progression through reprogramming lipid metabolism in tumors. Lipid uptake, synthesis, and intracellular lipid accumulation are significantly upregulated in TME by activating key signaling pathways and enzymes