Table 2 LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT expression and their clinical significance in solid tumors and leukemia

LAG-3

Activated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells

–

Melanoma

Impairs immune cells function and antitumor immune response

[76, 78]

TILs

–

NSCLC

Associate with a worse prognosis

[3]

TILs

–

HNSCC

High pathological grade, larger tumor size and positive lymph node status

[4, 6]

Peripheral CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, TILs

–

STS

High pathological grades, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis

[7]

CD8⁺ TIL, DC

–

RCC

Associated with a poorer prognosis for RCC in humans

[78]

TILs, tumor-associated perivascular lymphocytes

–

Glioblastoma

Correlated with significantly less IFN-γ release upon activation and is a marker of T cell exhaustion

[20, 61]

TILs

–

HCC

Positively associated with more types of cirrhosis and advanced cancer

[71, 226]

TILs

–

PAAD

Significantly reduce disease-free survival in patients

[25, 26]

Leukemia-tolerant CD8⁺ T cells

Leukemia cells

HMs

Promoting T cell dysfunction

[4]

CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells

–

GC

Improve the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer who receive anti-programmed death-1 antibody therapy

[67]

TILs at the tumor front

–

Stage II CRCA

Predict better treatment outcomes in both the entire stage II and the subgroup of stage II microsatellite-stable tumors

[84]

TILs

–

TNBC, Her2 + BC

The infiltration of LAG-3 lymphocytes ameliorates OS in TNBC and Her2 + BC

[7]

CD4⁺ Tregs, CD8⁺ T cells, TAMss

Malignant B cell

DLBCL

Associated with poor survival and poor prognosis

[25]

TIM-3

Mast cells, antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells, NK cells

Melanoma cells

Melanomas

Promote tumor progression

[39, 60, 61]

TADCs, TILs

Tumor cells

Lung cancer

Lower survival

[47] [42]

TADCs, CD8⁺TILs

MC38 cells, colon cancer cells, tumor tissues

CC

Poor prognosis and Inhibition of tumor progression

[45, 152]

TILs, TAMs, APC

HCC, HBV-associated HCC

HCC

Lower survival, paralleled the grades of HCC, Immunotherapy resistance

[93, 138, 227]

CD8⁺ TILs

Lymphoma endothelial cells

NHL

Promote tumor progression

[63, 74]

CD4⁺, CD8⁺T cells

LSCs

AML, MDS

Poor prognosis and relapse after allo-HSCT

[98, 228, 229]

TIGIT

CD8⁺T cells

–

AML

TIGIT expression on CD8⁺ T cells is elevated in AML patients and high-TIGIT correlates with primary refractory disease and leukemia relapse post-allo-SCT

[111]

CD8⁺T cells

–

GC

Promote the development of advanced GC

[112]

CD8⁺T cells

–

MM

Reduced tumor burden and improved survival

[230]

CD8⁺TILs

CC

CRCA

Promote tumor growth

[54]

CTLs

MCL

MCL

This led to a relapse after CAR-T cell therapy

[215]

CD8⁺T cells

–

ESCC

Coexpression of TIGIT and PD-L1 leads to poor OS

[231]