Fig. 3

Mitochondrial electron transport chain: oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and measurement methods (created with figdraw). During the cellular oxidation of fuels, electron transfer through the complexes of the ETC is coupled to the genesis of a proton motive force across the mitochondrial inner membrane (MIM). Electrons leak prematurely from complexes I, II, and III to mediate the one-electron reduction of oxygen to O₂·⁻, which then is dismutated to H₂O₂