Fig. 4

Signal transduction of ROS in inflammation. ROS plays a central role as the second messenger in modifying a variety of signaling molecules to regulate inflammation. They affect multiple inflammatory signaling pathways, including the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, the MAPKs signaling pathway, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway