Fig. 5

The relationship between ROS and NF-κB signaling pathway (created with figdraw). ROS activate NF-κB through three pathways. Canonical pathway: NF-κB is isolated in the cytoplasm via binding to IκBα. An initiating signal activates the IKK complex and phosphorylating IκBα at two N-terminal serines. The phosphorylation causes the degradation of IκBα, resulting in the nuclear translocation and the activation of target genes. Noncanonical pathway: depends on IKKα and activates p52/RelB complexes by triggering the proteolysis of the p52/p100 precursor