Table 1 ROS signaling pathways

The NLRP3

inflammasome

signaling pathway

TRX;

mtDNA;

Ca2 + influx

Production of IL-1β and

IL-18;

initiation of pyroptosis

Diabetic nephropathy;

TRAPS;

osteoarthritis;

Alzheimer’s disease

NF-κB

signaling pathway

IκBα;

IKKβ;

NIK

M1

macrophage transcription;

induction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and COX-2 gene expression;

differentiation of Th1, Th17,

and Tfh cells

Inflammatory bowel disease;

arthritis;

sepsis;

gastritis;

asthma;

atherosclerosis

MAPKs

signaling pathway

ASK1;

mixed lineage kinase 3; growth factor receptors

M1

macrophage transcription;

production of TNF-α, IL-1β,

IL-8 and IL-10;

decrease in IL-12 and IFN-β production

Asthma;

TRAPS;

COPD

JAK/STAT

signaling pathway

Activation of STAT by DNA methylation

Production of chemokines;

differentiation and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells

Rheumatoid arthritis;

psoriasis;

inflammatory bowel disease

Nrf2

signaling pathway

Keap1;

MAPKs;

PI3K;

NF-κB

Activation of heme

oxygenase-1, NADPH

dehydrogenase, SOD, and CAT

Acute lung injury;

nephritis;

osteoarthritis;

inflammatory bowel disease

PI3K/AKT

signaling pathway

Activation of PI3K;

phosphorylation of AKT;

inactivation of

phosphatase and tensin homology

Expression and activation of

inflammatory mediators;

recruitment of inflammatory

cells; airway remodeling;

corticosteroid insensitivity

Chronic inflammatory

respiratory diseases