Harnessing immunotherapy for brain metastases: insights into tumor–brain microenvironment interactions and emerging treatment modalities

Table 2 Laboratory advances in the CAR-T brain metastases therapy

Team	Year	Region	Tumor Type	Cell Line	Tumor Model	CAR	Contrast	Application	Results	Ref.
Priceman et al.	2018	USA	Breast	Human breast cancer	Xenotransplant models in mice	HER2-BBζ	HER2-28ζ Mock	In vitro i.c i.c.v	HER2-BBζ: cytokine production ↓, T cell exhaustion phenotype ↓, proliferative capacity ↑; i.c.: significant antitumor responses, extend survival; i.c.v.: treating multifocal BM evidence	[180]
Li et al	2022	CHN & USA	Lung	Human NSCLC	Xenotransplant models in mice	B7-H3 co-expressed CCR2b	B7-H3 without co-expression	Intravenous	significant antitumor activity; more tumor-specific enhanced infiltration	[170]
Subham et al	2022	USA	Breast	Human TNBC	Xenotransplant models in mice	EGFR806	Mock	In vitro i.c	effectively kill tumor in vitro; i.c.: effective tumor regression, statistically significant survival	[181]
Xu et al	2023	DEU	Lung	Murine Lewis Lung carcinoma	Intraparenchymal models in mice	Anti-EpCAM	–	Local vs i.v	local: significant decreased brain tumor growth; i.v.: no anti-tumorous evidence;	[182]

NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; i.c., intratumoral/intracranial; i.c.v., intraventricular/intracerebroventricular; i.v., intravenous

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