Table 2 Summary of cancer-related PTMs involved in LLPS

Ubiquitination

Non-small-cell lung cancer

USP42

Drives nuclear speckle mrna splicing and promote tumorigenesis

Promotion

[8]

Multiple cancer types

p62

Promotes tumor cell survival by upregulating p62 liquid droplet formation and degradation

Promotion

[103]

Multiple cancer types

SPOP/DAXX

Co-localizes with DAXX in Liquid Nuclear Organelles and facilitates DAXX Ubiquitination

Promotion

[104]

Phosphorylation

Multiple cancer types

TAZ

Formation of transcription compartment to promote gene expression

Promotion

[68]

Methylation

Leukaemia

YTHDC1-m6A condensates

Facilitates a phase-separated nuclear body and suppresses myeloid leukemica differentiation

Promotion

[105]

Multiple cancer types

UTX (namely KDM6A)

Involved in chromatin-regulatory activity in tumour suppression

Promotion

[106]

Sumoylation

Colon cancer

RNF168

Genomic instability and DNA damage repair

Promotion

[107]

Acetylation

Multiple cancer types

KAT8-IRF1

KAT8-IRF1 condensate formation boosts PD-L1 transcription

Promotion

[108]

Neddylation

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

PML/RARa

Induce abberent LLPS and disrupt function of PML nuclear bodies to drive APL

Inhibition

[109]