Table 5 Outlook and reflection on the future of the field

What are the functional differences between LLPS-formed assemblies and typical protein complexes?

What factors contribute to dynamic condensation and decondensation, and how do different BMCs communicate in vitro and in vivo?

The target protein molecules and signaling pathways discovered through LLPS method are a class of molecules that can form condensates spontaneously due to their own unique properties or under different environmental conditions. LLPS is essentially an energy saving process in the organisms. Further functional differences between LLPS‐formed assemblies and canonical protein complexes deserve investigations

Is there other function of PTMs in tumorigenesis and tumor progressions?

Further studies on phase separation on the basis of proteomics and PTMs are needed

Detections of BMCs/ MLOs in tumor samples and clinicopathologic associations with cancer patients are deficient

Clinicopathologic tests should be involved in further studies

How do environment conditions inducing condensate assemblies being applied to clinical practice?

Perhaps changing the environment conditions can dynamically alter the condensation and decondensation of the BMC, which will make sense in drug deliveries. A greater understanding of the opportunities for targeting LLPS condensates in the pharmaceutical intervention should be obtained

Is there any new convenient method to probe and control (induce, dissolve, or tune) the endogenous condensates?

The partitioning of anticancer drugs in subcellular condensates is also dominant for drug efficacy. According to this characteristic, we can detect the distribution of drugs in cells or by linking drugs to molecules that can specifically aggregate in liquid droplets

How to make use of LLPS to enhance the efficiency of drugs in clinical practice?