Table 1 The roles of cAMP signaling in cancer

Leukemia

cAMP promotes leukemia progression

[91]

cAMP inhibits anthracycline- and DNA-damage-induced apoptosis

[92]

cAMP-EPAC promotes ribosome-targeting therapy resistance in AML

[93]

cAMP sensitizes T-ALL to dexamethasone

[94]

cAMP-PKA sensitizes AML to GSKJ4

[95]

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

cAMP inhibits tumor cell survival and drug resistance

[96]

Lung cancer

cAMP-PKA promotes cancer cell survival and EGFR inhibitor resistance

[97, 98]

CREB1 enhances cisplatin sensitivity in lung cancer cells

[99]

Gastric cancer

cAMP promotes gastric carcinogenesis through activation of CREB, EPAC and DARPP-32

[100,101,102,103,104]

Liver cancer

PKA activation drives fibrolamellar liver carcinoma

[105, 106]

GNAS mutation promotes liver carcinogenesis via cAMP/JAK/STAT3 signaling

[107]

CREB promotes HCC metastasis and drug resistance

[108,109,110]

cAMP/PKA mediates the tumor-suppression effects of Ex-4

[111]

PDE4 inhibition suppresses HCC cell proliferation and survival

[112, 113]

Colorectal cancer

GPR43 deficiency promotes colon carcinogenesis by upregulated cAMP/PKA signaling

[114]

Norepinephrine promotes colon cancer cell growth and invasion by inducing CREB phosphorylation

[115]

Breast cancer

PKA phosphorylates ERα and promotes tamoxifen resistance

[116]

cAMP/PKA promotes chemotherapeutic resistance in inflammatory breast carcinoma

[117]

PAQR8 downregulates cAMP levels and promotes drug resistance

[118]

PKA upregulates PTEN and p53 and inhibits cell growth

[119, 120]

PKA enhances doxorubicin sensitivity in TNBC

[121]

cAMP/PKA inhibits NF-κB and breast cancer stemness

[122]

Ovarian cancer

cAMP inhibits p53 and DNA-damage-induces apoptosis in BRCA1-deficient ovarian cancer

[123]

cAMP inhibits JNK activity and apoptosis

[124]

Melanoma

cAMP-EPAC inhibits PUMA expression and apoptosis

[62]

cAMP stimulates the growth of primary melanoma but not the metastatic melanoma

[125,126,127]

cAMP-PKA promotes vemurafenib resistance

[128]

Prostate cancer

PKA promotes AR activation, and abiraterone, enzalutamide, castration resistance

[129,130,131,132]

cAMP-PKA promotes metastasis

[133]

Medulloblastoma

cAMP-PKA suppresses medulloblastoma by phosphorylating and inactivating Gli

[134]

Basal cell carcinoma of the skin

cAMP-PKA abolishes oncogenic Sonic hedgehog signaling and suppresses tumor growth

[135]