Table 4 Gut–liver axis and immunoregulation of PLC
From: Metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment of liver cancer
Microbiome | Metabolites | Target TME components | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram + bacteria (Clostridium spp) | Primary BA | LSEC | IS | |
| Â | Secondary BA | NKT cells | Â | Â |
Gram + bacteria (Phylum firmicutes) | DCA | HSC | IS | |
|  | LTA | CD8 + T cells |  |  |
Lactobacillus intestinalis | D-lactate | Macrophage | IS | |
Clostridium spp. | Fermentation metabolites (BA) | Neutrophil | IS | [231] |
Bacteroides spp. | SCFA (Butyrate, acetate, formate) | CD8 + T cells | IS | [208] |
Ruminococcus spp. | APC | Â | Â | |
Veillonella spp. | Treg cells | Â | Â | |
Clostridium spp. | Â | Â | Â | |
Lactobacillus reuteri | Acetate | ILC3 | IA | [227] |