Fig. 2

Overview of the cyclooxygenase pathway and the action mechanisms of cyclooxygenase-targeting strategies in cancer. The COX-2/PGE2 pathway facilitates the maintenance of immunosuppressive TME by activating a wide range of immunosuppressive immune cells. Inhibitors of COX-2 signaling such as NSAIDs are potentially a good combination partner for immunotherapies. Figures created with BioRender. Abbreviations: PGH2, prostaglandin H2; PGG2, prostaglandin G2; PLA2, PLC, PLD, phospholipases A2, C, and D; PGE2, prostaglandin (PG) E2; PGI2, prostacyclin; PGD2, prostaglandin D2; PGF2α, prostaglandin F2α; TXA2, thromboxane A2; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells