Fig. 1

Tumor-derived acetic acids contribute to cancer progression. A Quantification of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in human adjacent normal tissues and human lung adenocarcinoma tissues measured by GC–MS (n = 21, biological replicates). B–D C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with either urethane (1 g/kg body weight in 200 μl PBS, n = 5, biological replicates) or normal PBS (control, n = 5, biological replicates) once a week for 10 weeks, lung tissues were collected at 28 weeks for the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) via GC–MS (B). C and D Heat maps (C), and quantification (D) of SCFAs in lung tissue extracts of control (n = 5, biological replicates) and urethane-induced lung cancer mice (n = 5, biological replicates). E and F Heat maps (E), and quantification (F) of SCFAs in supernatants from 16 h cultures of human normal or tumor cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/well, n = 3, biological replicates). G–J LLC or B16F10 cells were injected subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice (1 × 10⁶ cells/mouse, n = 6–7, biological replicates) and received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of PBS or NaAc (500 mg/kg) every two days from the second day (G). LLC tumor growth and tumor weight were recorded (H), and LLC tumor was photographed at the end of experiment (I). B16F10 tumor growth and tumor weight were recorded (J). D, F, H and J Data are shown as mean ± SEM, and the experiment was performed three times and a representative example is shown. A, D, H and J were analyzed by unpaired Student's t-test and F was analyzed by one-way ANOVA (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 and NS, not significant)