Table 1 Concentration of LB biomarkers in biofluid based on reference cut-off value in clinical blood tests
From: Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy
Classification | Biomarker | Disease | Biofluid | Concentration range | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Abnormal | |||||
Protein | Alphafetoprotein (AFP) | Liver Cancer | Blood/Serum |  ≤ 20 ng/mL |  > 400 ng/mL | Blood Tests [19] |
Protein | Bladder Tumor Antigen (BTA) | Bladder Cancer | Urine |  ≤ 14 U/mL |  > 14 U/mL | Blood Tests [20] |
Protein | Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125) | Ovarian Cancer | Blood/Serum |  ≤ 35 U/mL |  > 35 U/mL | Blood Tests [21] |
Protein | Cancer Antigen 19–9 (CA 19–9) | Pancreatic Cancer | Blood/Serum |  ≤ 37 U/mL |  > 37 U/mL (360 pM) | Blood Tests [22] |
Protein | Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) | Colorectal Cancer Lung Cancer | Blood/Serum |  ≤ 5 ng/mL |  > 5 ng/mL | Blood Tests [23] |
Protein | Cytokeratin Fragment (CYFRA-21–1) | Lung Cancer | Blood/Serum |  ≤ 3.3 ng/mL |  > 3.3 ng/mL | Blood Tests [24] |
Protein | Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 (NMP22) | Bladder Cancer | Urine |  ≤ 14 U/mL |  > 14 U/mL | Blood Tests [25] |
Protein | Prostate Cancer Antigen (PSA) | Prostate Cancer | Blood/Serum |  ≤ 4 ng/mL |  > 10 ng/mL | Blood Tests [26] |
Protein | Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) | Lung Cancer | Blood/Serum | – | 347 pM (16.3 ng/mL) | Blood Tests [27] |
Protein | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) | Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Blood |  ≤ 0.05 U/mL |  > 0.05 IU/mL | Blood Test [28] |
Protein | Hepatitis C Core Antigen (HCcAg) | Hepatitis C | Blood |  ≤ 0.06 pg/mL |  > 0.06 pg/mL | Blood Test [29] |
Peptide | Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) | Heart Failure | Plasma |  ≤ 100 pg/mL |  > 100 pg/mL | Blood Test [30] |
Peptide | N-terminal proBNP (NTproBNP) | Heart Failure | Plasma |  ≤ 300 pg/mL |  > 300 pg/mL |  |