Table 2 Concentration of LB biomarkers in biofluid based on the study with clinical samples
From: Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy
Classification | Biomarker | Disease | Biofluid | Concentration range | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy control | Patients | |||||
Protein | T-Tau | Alzheimer's Disease | CSF | 507 ± 254 pg/mL | 828 ± 375 pg/mL | Study [31] (n = 54) |
Plasma | 4.43 ± 2.83 pg/mL | 8.80 ± 10.1 pg/mL | ||||
Protein | P-Tau | Alzheimer's Disease | CSF | 73.4 ± 20.5 pg/mL | 123 ± 49.2 pg/mL | Study [31] (n = 54) |
Protein | P-Tau 181 | Alzheimer's Disease | CSF | 15.7 ± 13.5 pg/mL | 108.5 ± 99.6 pg/mL | Study [32] (n = 21) |
Plasma | 1.91 ± 1.06 pg/mL | 3.6 ± 1.8 pg/mL | ||||
Plasma | 1.5 ± 1.1 pg/mL | 4.7 ± 2.0 pg/mL | Study [33] (n = 38) | |||
Protein | P-Tau 231 | Alzheimer's Disease | CSF | 30.1 ± 36.1 pg/mL | 262.0 ± 230.1 pg/mL | Study [32] (n = 21) |
Plasma | 2.1 ± 1.2 pg/mL | 5.4 ± 2.0 pg/mL | ||||
Peptide | Beta-Amyloid 40 (Aβ40) | Alzheimer's Disease | CSF | 5.3–11.8 ng/mL | 4.7–23.4 ng/mL | Study [34] (n = 36) |
CSF | 4.7 ± 1.7 ng/mL | 4.4 ± 1.8 ng/mL | Study [35] (n = 57) | |||
Plasma | 35–490 pg/mL | 100–770 pg/mL | Study [34] (n = 78) | |||
Plasma | 276.7 ± 66.1 pg/mL | 244.3 ± 105.8 pg/mL | Study [35] (n = 57) | |||
Plasma | 288.0 pg/mL | 272.4 pg/mL | Study [36] (n = 18) | |||
Plasma | – | 150–300 pg/mL (33–67 pM) | Study [37] | |||
Peptide | Beta-Amyloid 42 (Aβ42) | Alzheimer's Disease | CSF | 25–250 pg/mL | 25–325 pg/mL | Study [34] (n = 36) |
CSF | 554.0 ± 195.0 pg/mL | 289.5 ± 103.8 pg/mL | Study [35] (n = 57) | |||
Plasma | 25–905 pg/mL | 25–880 pg/mL | Study [34] (n = 78) | |||
Plasma | 19.6 ± 5.2 pg/mL | 13.2 ± 7.3 pg/mL | Study [35] (n = 57) | |||
Plasma | 37.1 pg/mL | 30.1 pg/mL | Study [36] (n = 18) | |||
Plasma | – | 5–30 pg/mL (1–7 pM) | Study [37] | |||
Nucleic Acid | Circulating Free DNA (cfDNA) or Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) | 11 Different Types of Cancer * | Serum | 13 ± 3 ng/mL (0–100 ng/mL) | 180 ± 38 ng/mL (0—5000 ng/mL) | Study [38] (n = 173) |
Lung Cancer | Serum | 0–30 ng/mL | 0—1000 ng/mL | Study [39] | ||
Prostate Cancer | Plasma | 7.9 ± 4.0 ng/mL (0.29–16.9 ng/mL) | 13.8 ± 28.1 ng/mL ** (1–1380 ng/mL) | Study [40] (n = 122) | ||
Breast Cancer | Plasma | 9 ng/mL (1.2–41 ng/mL) | 32.4 ng/mL ** (2.83–6820 ng/mL) | Study [41] (n = 111) | ||
Extracellular Vesicle | Exosome | – | Plasma | 0.88 × 108–13.38 × 108 exosomes/mL | – | Study [42] |
Cell | Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) | Prostate Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 75 ± 333 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 123) |
Breast Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 84 ± 885 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 422) | ||
Colorectal Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 4 ± 11 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 196) | ||
Lung Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 30 ± 178 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 99) | ||
|  |  | 0–7 cells / 2.0 mL | Study [15] (n = 11) | |||
Ovarian Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 6 ± 16 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 29) | ||
Gastric Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 24 ± 83 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 9) | ||
Bladder Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 42 ± 107 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 7) | ||
Pancreatic Cancer | Whole Blood | – | 2 ± 6 cells / 7.5 mL | Study [43] (n = 16) | ||