Table 3 The optical nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of protein LB markers
From: Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy
Biomarker | Disease | Optical nanomaterial | Biorecognition element | Detection method | Matrix | Limit of detection | Linear range | Clinical sample [a] | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) | Liver Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) | Buffer Serum | 0.1 ng/mL 2.33 ng/mL | 0.1 ng/mL–100 ng/mL 2.33 ng/mL–143.74 ng/mL | – | 2009 [53] |
Liver Cancer | AuNPs (+ Magnetic NPs) | Antibody | Chemiluminescence Detection | Buffer | 5 pg/mL | 0.008—0.3 ng/mL | – | 2009 [54] | |
Liver Cancer | AgNPs | Aptamer | Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spectroscopy | N/A | 0.097 aM | 0.2–20 aM | Serum (n = 10) | 2015 [55] | |
Liver Cancer | Au Nanomashroom | Antibody | LSPR | Buffer | 24 ng/mL | 20–200 ng/mL | Serum (n = 3) | 2015 [56] | |
Liver Cancer | Ag@SiO2 NPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer Blood | 3.0 ng/mL 17.0 ng/mL | 20–300 ng/mL 50–500 ng/mL | – | 2017 [57] | |
Liver Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | LSPR | N/A | 150 ng/mL | 1 ng/mL–1 ug/mL | – | 2017 [58] | |
Liver Cancer | Au@AgNPs | Antibody | LSPR | N/A | 3.3. fg/mL | 10−12–10−8 g/mL | Serum (n = 15) | 2020 [59] | |
Liver Cancer | Au Nanobipyramid | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | serum | 0.085 pg/mL | 3–10 pg/mL | 2023 [60] | ||
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) | Lung Cancer | Au Nanoflower | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 0.01 fg/mL | 0.01 fg/mL–1 ng/mL | – | 2014 [46] |
Lung Cancer | Au@SiO2 Nanorods | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 0.86 fg/mL | 1 fg/mL–10 ng/mL | – | 2014 [47] | |
Lung Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1.0 ng/mL | 1–60 ng/mL | – | 2015 [61] | |
Lung Cancer | UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb,Er) | Aptamer | Fluorescence Detection | Buffer | 7.9 pg/mL | 0.03–6 ng/mL | Serum (n = 5) | 2019 [48] | |
Serum | 10.7 pg/mL | 0.03–6 ng/mL | |||||||
Lung Cancer | MoS2@AuNPs and Fe3O4@AuNPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 0.033 pg/mL | 0.0001–100.0 ng/mL | – | 2020 [62] | |
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125) | Ovarian Cancer | CdTe QDs | Antibody | Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Detection | Buffer | 0.0012 U/mL | 0.005–50 U/mL | – | 2013 [63] |
Ovarian Cancer | Graphene QDs | Antibody | Chemiluminescence Detection | Buffer | 0.05 U/mL | 0.1–600 U/mL | – | 2014 [64] | |
Ovarian Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | Colorimetric Detection | Buffer | 30 U/mL | 0–1000 U/mL | – | 2017 [65] | |
Ovarian Cancer | AgNPs and UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb,Tm) | Antibody | Fluorescence Detection | Buffer | 120 pg/mL | 5–100 ng/mL | – | 2019 [66] | |
Ovarian Cancer | Carbon QDs | N/A | Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) | Buffer | 0.66 U/mL | 0.01–129 U/mL | Serum (n = 12) | 2021 [67] | |
Ovarian Cancer | Graphitic Carbon Nitride and SiO2@CdTe/CdS QDs | Antibody | Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) | Buffer | 0.034 mU/mL | 0.0001–10 U/mL | – | 2021 [68] | |
Cancer Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) | Pancreatic Cancer | Ag@SiO2@Ag Core–Shell NPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 0.5 U/mL | 0.5–1000 U/mL | – | 2016 [69] |
Pancreatic Cancer | SiO2 NPs and AgNPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 1.3 × 10−3 U/mL | 10–1–103 IU/mL | – | 2016 [70] | |
Pancreatic Cancer | Ag@PSPAA@Ag Core–Shell Nanomushroom | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 10–4 U/mL | 0.0001–10 U/mL | – | 2021 [71] | |
Pancreatic Cancer | SiO2-coated Gd-doped UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+) | Antibody | Upconversion-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ULISA) | N/A | 5 U/mL | 5–20,000 U/mL | – | 2021 [72] | |
Pancreatic Cancer | Au Nanoflowers and Red Phosphorus Nanoplates | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 7.41 × 10–5 IU/mL | 10–4–102 IU/mL | Serum (n = 5) | 2022 [73] | |
Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) | Breast Cancer | CdS QDs | Antibody | Fluorescence Detection | N/A | 0.002 U/mL | N/A | – | 2017 [74] |
Breast Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | FRET | N/A | 0.9 × 10–6 U/mL | 1.0 × 10−6–5.0 × 10−3 U/mL | – | 2018 [75] | |
Breast Cancer | Au–Ag@zein | Antibody | ECL Detection | Buffer | 0.0003 U/mL | 0.001–100 U/mL | – | 2023 [76] | |
Prostate Cancer Antigen (PSA) | Prostate Cancer | SiO2@Ag@SiO2 NPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 0.11 pg/mL | 0.001–1000 ng/mL | – | 2016 [49] |
Prostate Cancer | Ag@SiO2@SiO2-RuBpy | Antibody | Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) Detection | Buffer Diluted Serum | 27 pg/mL 31 pg/mL | 0.1 ng/mL – 100 ng/mL | – | 2017 [77] | |
Prostate Cancer | UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+) and Au NPs | Antibody | Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) | Serum | 1.0 pM | 0–500 pM | – | 2018 [78] | |
Prostate Cancer | UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+) | Antibody | ULISA | Buffer | 23 fg/mL | 0.1–100 pg/mL | – | 2019 [50] | |
UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+) | 24 fg/mL | 1–100 pg/mL | |||||||
Prostate Cancer | Au Nanodisk Array | Antibody | Fiber-optic LSPR | Buffer | 0.1 pg/mL | 0.1 pg/mL–1.0 ng/mL | – | 2019 [79] | |
Prostate Cancer | ZnGeO:Mo NRs and Au@Ag@SiO2 NPs | Aptamer | Luminescence Detection | Buffer | 9.2 pg/mL | 10 pg/mL–10 ng/mL | – | 2019 [80] | |
Prostate Cancer | CdTe@SiO2 NPs | Antibody | Fluorescence Detection | N/A | 0.003 ng/mL | 0.01–5 ng/mL | – | 2019 [81] | |
Prostate Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | Colorimetric Detection | N/A | 0.23 ng/mL | 0.25–2500 ng/mL | – | 2020 [82] | |
Prostate Cancer | SiO2@Au@AgNPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 0.006 ng/mL | N/A | – | 2021 [83] | |
Prostate Cancer | AgNPs and Si Nanowire | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 0.1 μg/mL | 0.1–20 μg/mL | – | 2021 [84] | |
Prostate Cancer | SiO2@Ag@SiO2 NPs | Antibody | Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) | N/A | 1.1 ng/mL | N/A | Serum (n = 7) | 2021 [85] | |
Prostate Cancer | SiO2@Au–Ag NPs | Antibody | LFA | N/A | 0.30 ng/mL | 0.3–10,0 ng/mL | – | 2021 [86] | |
Prostate Cancer | Ag Nanogap Shell NPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 2 pg/mL | 1.6–25 pM | – | 2021 [87] | |
Prostate Cancer | Au@Ag Core–Shell NPs | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 0.38 ag/mL | 10–2–10–15 mg/mL | Serum (n = 5) | 2021 [88] | |
Prostate Cancer | QD-embedded Silica NPs | Antibody | LFA | Buffer | 0.138 ng/mL | N/A | Plasma (n = 47) | 2022 [89] | |
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) | Lung Cancer | Graphene QDs and AuNPs | Antibody | Fluorescence Detection | N/A | 0.09 pg/mL | 0.1–1000 ng/mL | – | 2020 [90] |
Lung Cancer | AgNPs/Ti3C2-MXene and GQDs | Antibody | Fluorescence Detection | N/A | 0.05 pg/mL | 0.0001–1500 ng/mL | – | 2022 [91] | |
Lung Cancer | Ag Nanodome | Antibody | Colorimetric Detection | Buffer | 270 pM | N/A | – | 2023 [92] | |
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) | Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | AuNRs | Antibody | LSPR | Buffer | 0.01 IU/mL | 0.01–1 IU/mL | Plasma (n = 6) | 2010 [93] |
Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Au Nanoflower | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Plasma | 0.01 IU/mL | 0.0125–60 IU/mL | – | 2015 [94] | |
Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | AuNPs | Antibody | LSPR | N/A | 100 fg/mL | 10 pg/mL–10 ng/mL | – | 2018 [95] | |
Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Polystyrene Nanospheres | Antibody | Colorimetric Detection | Buffer | 0.1 ng/mL | N/A | – | 2021 [96] | |
LSPR | Buffer | 0.01 ng/mL | 0.01–10 ng/mL | ||||||
Mouse Double Minute 2 Homolog (MDM2) Tau | Cancer | AuNPs | Aptamer | LSPR | N/A | 20 nM | 30–50 nM | – | 2016 [97] |
Alzheimer's Disease | AuNPs | Antibody | LSPR | N/A | 10 pg/mL | N/A | – | 2008 [98] | |
Alzheimer's Disease | AuNPs (+ Magnetic NPs) | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 25 fM | 25 fM–500 nM | – | 2013 [99] | |
Alzheimer's Disease | MWCNTs | Antibody | SPR Spectroscopy | Artificial CSF | 125 pM | 1–25 nM | – | 2017 [100] | |
Alzheimer's Disease | AuNRs | Antibody | LSPR | Plasma | 100 fM | 102–108 fM | – | 2019 [101] | |
Tau-441 | Alzheimer's Disease | AgNPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Plasma | 3.21 fM | 10 fM–1 uM | – | 2022 [102] |
Tau-381 | Alzheimer's Disease | Au Nanopopcorn | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 2.2 fM | 0.1 fM–1 nM | – | 2023 [103] |
Cardiac troponin I (cTnl) | Acute Myocardial Infarction | Au@AgNPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 9.80 pg/mL | 0–2.0 mg/mL | Serum (n = 50) | 2021 [104] |
Acute Myocardial Infarction | NaYF4:Yb,Tm@NaYF4 UCNPs | Antibody | ULISA | Plasma | 0.13 ng/mL | N/A | – | 2022 [105] | |
Serum | 0.25 ng/mL | 6.7–77.8 ng/ml | |||||||
Acute Myocardial Infarction | NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+@NaY–F4:Yb3+, Nd3+@NaYF4 UCNPs | Antibody | Upconversion Luminescence Detection | Buffer | 0.24 fg/mL | 1 fg/mL–100 pg/mL | – | 2024 [106] |