Table 6 The optical nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of circulating free DNAs or circulating tumor DNAs
From: Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy
Biomarker | Disease | Optical nanomaterial | Biorecognition element | Detection method | Matrix | Limit of detection | Linear range | Clinical sample [a] | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ctDNA (PIK3CA Mutation) | Cancer | AuNPs | PNA | LSPR | Serum | 50 fM | 50–3200 fM | – | 2015 [159] |
ctDNA (KRAS/PIK3CA Mutation) | Cancer | CuNPs (+ SWNTs) | Triple-Helix Molecular Switch (THMS) | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1.5 fM | 10 fM–1 nM | Serum (n = 6) | 2016 [160] |
ctDNA (Methylation) | Cancer | AuNPs and AgNPs (+ Graphene) | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 0.2 pg/uL | 0.05 ng/uL–5 ng/uL | – | 2017 [161] |
ctDNA (EGFR Mutation) | Cancer | AuNPs | Complementary DNA | Colorimetric Detection | N/A | 7.7 fM | 870 aM–87 pM | – | 2018 [162] |
ctDNA | Cancer | Silica-Coated Au Nanorods | Complementary DNA | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 57.74 nM | 100 nM–1000 nM | – | 2019 [163] |
ctDNA (KRAS Mutation) | Cancer | AuNCs and UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+) | Complementary DNA | Fluorescence Detection | Serum | 6.30 pM | 5 pM–1000 pM | – | 2020 [164] |
cfDNA (RAS Mutation) | Colorectal Cancer | AuNPs | PNA | SPR Imaging | N/A | N/A | N/A | Blood (n = 12) | 2020 [165] |
ctDNA | Cancer | QDs | THMS | Fluorescence Detection | Plasma | 5.4 pM | 10 pM–100 pM | – | 2021 [166] |
cfDNA (KRAS Mutation) | Colorectal Cancer | AuNPs | PNA | SPR Imaging | Plasma | 2.5 aM | 0.5 − 20.0 pg/ μL | Plasma (n = 1) | 2021 [167] |
ctDNA (EGFR Mutation) | Lung Cancer | AuNPs and Graphitic-Carbon Nitride QDs (g-CNQDs) | Complementary DNA | ECL-RET | Buffer | 0.00055 fM | 0.001 fM–1 pM | – | 2021 [168] |
Plasma | 0.0023 fM | 0.01 fM–1 pM | – | ||||||
ctDNA (CYFRA21-1 Mutation) | Lung Cancer | QDs (+ Magnetic NPs) | Complementary DNA | Fluorescence Detection | N/A | 53 aM | 1 fM–1 nM | – | 2022 [169] |
cfDNA (TP53 and PIK356 Mutation) | Lung Cancer | Au–Ag Nanoshuttle | Complementary DNA | SERS Spectroscopy | Serum | 2.26 aM (TP53) | 10 aM–100 pM | Serum (n = 120) | 2022 [170] |
2.34 aM (PIK356) | 10 aM–100 pM | ||||||||
ctDNA (BRAF and KRAS Mutation) | Lung Cancer | Pd-Au Core–Shell Nanorods (+ Magnetic Beads) | Complementary DNA | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 3.116 aM (BRAF) | 10 aM–100 pM | – | 2022 [171] |
Mouse Serum | 4.257 aM (BRAF) | 10 aM–100 pM | |||||||
Buffer | 3.921 aM (KRAS) | 10 aM–100 pM | |||||||
Mouse Serum | 6.183 aM (KRAS) | 10 aM–100 pM | |||||||
ctDNA (EGFR Mutation) | Lung Cancer | MnO2 nanosheets and Fluorescent Polydopamine NPs | Complementary DNA | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 380 pM | 25–125 nM | – | 2023 [170] |
ctDNA (EGFR Mutation) | Lung Cancer | AuNPs and CdS QDs | Complementary DNA | ECL-RET | Buffer | 8.1 aM | 10 aM–100 fM | – | 2023 [172] |
Plasma | 91 aM | 100 aM–1 pM | – |