Table 8 The optical nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of circulating exosomes
From: Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy
Biomarker | Disease | Optical nanomaterial | Biorecognition element | Detection method | Matrix | Limit of detection | Linear range | Clinical sample [a] | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exosome | Ovarian Cancer | Au NPs Au Nanostar | Antibody | SPR Spectroscopy | N/A | 3000 exosomes | N/A | Ascites (n = 20) | 2014 [194] |
Exosome | Breast Cancer | Au@Ag Nanorods | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1200 exosomes/mL | – 105 exosomes | – | 2016 [195] |
Exosome | Lung Cancer | Au Nanoisland | Antibody | LSPR | Serum | 0.194 μg/mL | 0.194–100 µg/mL | – | 2017 [196] |
Exosome | Breast Cancer | Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | fluorophore (FAM) labeled aptamer | Colorimetric Detection | Buffer | 5.2 × 105 particles/μL | 1.84 × 106–2.21 × 107 particles/μL | Serum (n = 2) | 2017 [197] |
Exosome | Breast Cancer | MB@SiO2@AuNPs | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 32 exosomes/μL | 102–105 exosomes | Blood (n = 1) | 2018 [198] |
Colorectal Cancer | 74 exosomes/μL | 102–105 exosomes | |||||||
Prostate Cancer | 203 exosomes/μL | 102–105 exosomes | |||||||
Exosome | Liver Cancer | UCNPs and AuNPs | Aptamer | Luminescence Imaging | Buffer | 1.1 × 103 particles/μL | 104–108 particles/μL | – | 2018 [199] |
Exosome | Breast Cancer | AuNPs | Aptamer | SPR Spectroscopy | Serum | 5 × 103 exosomes/mL | N/A | – | 2019 [200] |
Exosome | Pancreatic Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Bladder Cancer | AuNPs (+ Magnetic NPs) | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 2.3 × 103 particles/μL | N/A | – | 2020 [201] |
Exosome | Prostate Cancer | Magnetic NPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1.6 × 10–1 particles/μL | 1.6 × 102–1.6 × 109 particles/mL | Serum (n = 8) | 2020 [202] |
Exosome | Gastric Cancer | UCNPs and AuNPs | Aptamer | ICP-MS | Buffer | 0.074 μg/mL (4.7 × 103 particles/mL) | 0.5–6.0 μg/mL | Serum (n = 6) | 2021 [203] |
Exosome | Pancreatic Cancer | AuNPs and Polymer Dots | Antibody | ECL Detection | Buffer | 400 particles/mL | 103–106 particles/mL | Serum (n = 3) | 2021 [204] |
Exosome | Breast Cancer | AuNPs | Aptamer | SPR Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1.0 × 104 particles/mL | 104–107 particles/mL | Serum (n = 8) | 2021 [205] |
Exosome | Not Specified | QD-Embedded Silica-Encapsulated NPs | Antibody | LFA | Buffer | 117.94 exosome/µL | 100–1000 exosome/µL | – | 2022 [206] |
Exosome | Liver Cancer | AuNPs and Zn-MOFs | CD63-Binding Peptide | ECL Detection | Buffer | 9.08 × 103 particles/μL | 1.00 × 104 − 3.16 × 106 particles/μL | Serum (n = 6) | 2023 [207] |
Exosome | Ovarian Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1.5 × 105 particles | N/A | – | 2023 [208] |
Exosome | Breast Cancer | Au@SiO2 NPs | PD-L1-Binding Peptide | SPR Spectroscopy | Buffer | 0.16 particles/mL | 10 × 103 − 5 × 103 particles/mL | Serum (n = 11) | 2023 [209] |
Exosome | Breast Cancer | Au@AgNPs and GO | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1.5 × 102 particles/mL | 2.7 × 102 − 2.7 × 108 particles/mL | Serum (n = 11) | 2023 [210] |
Exosome | Prostate Cancer | Cu2O–CuO@Ag Nanowire | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 89 particles/mL | 2.79 × 102 − 2.79 × 1010 particles/mL | Serum (n = 5) | 2023 [211] |