Table 9 The optical nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
From: Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy
Biomarker | Disease | Optical nanomaterial | Biorecognition element | Detection method | Matrix | Limit of detection | Linear range | Clinical sample [a] | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTC | Lung Cancer Breast Cancer | AuNPs | EGF Ligand | SERS Spectroscopy | Blood | 5 cells/mL | 5–50 cells/mL | Blood (n = 20) | 2011 [221] |
CTC | Ovarian Cancer | Bismuth NPs (+ Magnetic NPs) | Folic Acid Ligands | X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry | Buffer | ~ 100 cells/mL | 100–100,000 cells/mL | – | 2012 [222] |
CTC | Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody | Colorimetric Detection | Buffer | 40 cells/mL | 100–10,000 cells/mL | – | 2014 [223] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | AuNPs | Aptamer | Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LD-IMS) | Diluted Blood | 10 cells/mL | 10–1000 cells/mL | – | 2015 [224] |
CTC | Lung Cancer | Magnetic UCNPs and Silicon NWs | Antibody | ULISA | Buffer | N/A | N/A | Blood (n = 21) | 2015 [14] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | AuNPs | Folic Acid Ligands | SERS Spectroscopy | Rabbit Blood | 5 cells/mL | 5–500 cells/mL | – | 2015 [225] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | CNDs, GQD, (+ Magnetic NPs) | Antibody | Fluorescence Detection | Blood | 10 cells/mL | N/A | – | 2016 [226] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | Ag@Au Core–Shell NPs | Aptamer | Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectrometry | Blood | 10 ± 6 cells/mL | 50–105 Cells/mL | – | 2016 [227] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | Au@Ag-Au Core–Shell NRs | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | Blood | 20 cells/mL | 200–12,000 cells/mL | – | 2017 [228] |
CTC | Breast Cancer Ovarian Cancer | Triangular Ag Nanoprism (+ Magnetic NPs) | Folic Acid Ligands | SERS Spectroscopy | Blood | 1 cells/mL | 1–100 cells/mL | – | 2018 [229] |
CTC | Breast Cancer Ovarian Cancer | Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 NPs | Aptamer | Fluorescence Detection | Buffer | 100 cells/mL | 102–105 Cells/mL | – | 2018 [230] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | AuPd NPs | Aptamer | ECL Detection | N/A | 40 cells/mL | 102–107 Cells/mL | – | 2018 [231] |
CTC | Liver Cancer | Fe3O4@AgNPs | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Blood | 1 cells/mL | 1–100 cells/mL | Blood (n = 18) | 2018 [232] |
CTC | Cancer | QDs (+ Magnetic NPs) | Antibody | Fluorescence Detection | Buffer | N/A | N/A | Blood (n = 9) | 2019 [233] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | UCNPs | Antibody | Time-Resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) Spectroscopy | Buffer | 1 cells/well | 2–1024 cells/200 uL | Blood (n = 15) | 2019 [234] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | SPION-PEI@AuNPs (+ Magnetic NPs) | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | Blood | 1 cells/mL | 1–25 cells/mL | Blood (n = 2) | 2019 [235] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | Au@CNDs | Aptamer | ECL Detection | N/A | 34 cells/mL | 100–10,000 cells/mL | – | 2020 [236] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | AuNPs | Aptamer | Fiber-Optic SPR | Buffer | 49 cells/mL | N/A | – | 2020 [237] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | AuNPs | Antibody and Folic Acid Ligands | SPR Spectroscopy | N/A | 1 cells/mL | 101–105 cell/mL | – | 2020 [238] |
CTC | Cancer | Au Nanostar and Au Nanoflower | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | N/A | 5 cells/mL | 5–200 cells/mL | – | 2021 [239] |
Fluorescence Detection | N/A | 10 cells/mL | 10–200 cells/mL | – | |||||
CTC | Breast Cancer | Black TiO2 NPs | Folic Acid Ligands | SERS Spectroscopy | Rabbit Blood | 2 cells/mL | N/A | Blood (n = 6) | 2022 [240] |
CTC | Cancer | AuNPs | Aptamer | Fluorescence Detection | N/A | 2 cells/200μL | 10–100 cells/200μL | – | 2023 [241] |
CTC | Cancer | Au Nanostar@SiO2 | Antibody | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | N/A | N/A | – | 2023 [242] |
CTC | Breast Cancer | Ag Nanorods (+ Magnetic NPs) | Aptamer | SERS Spectroscopy | Buffer | 2 cells/mL | 5–1000 cells/mL | – | 2023 [243] |