Tissue doppler echocardiography detects preclinical markers of cardiac lesion in MDS patients

Abstract

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder of elderly people. Cardiac dysfunction is a marker of grim prognosis in MDS. We evaluated cardiac dysfunction of MDS patients with or without transfusion dependency by tissue doppler echocardiography. We found the average values of ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in transfusion dependency MDS group higher than others. These results were strongly correlated to hemoglobin levels. Tissue Doppler Echocardiography should be routinely performed in MDS patients to detect preclinical cardiac alterations and prevent more heart insults in this group of chronic anemic aged patients.

To the Editor

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder and anemia with transfusion dependency is detected in up to 60% of patients [1]. Early recognition of patients at risk of heart failure is difficult because global ventricular function and exercise capacity in chronically transfused patients may remain normal until late in the disease [2].

We evaluated three groups of MDS patients: cases with transfusion dependency (T-MDS), patients without transfusion dependency (NT-MDS) and age-matched controls. Transfusion dependency was considered as reported by Malcovati et al. [3]. Echo-Doppler, tissue velocity imaging and strain measures were obtained using General Electric-Healthcare (GE, Vivid-7) system with a matrix probe M3S.

Parametric data were analyzed by “one-way” analyzes of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’s Multiple Comparison as a post-test. Non-parametric data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis. The studies of correlation was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r).

The three groups were composed of 13 T-MDS, 21 NT-MDS and 14 controls. There were no significant differences between groups. See Table 1. Table 2 presents the echocardiographic parameters. The average values of ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in T-MDS group were significantly higher than NT-MDS and controls (p <0.05 and p <0.04 respectively). The left atrial volume indexed (LAV index) was significantly larger in patients of T-MDS group than NT-MDS and controls (35.9 ± 15 mL/m², 26.6 ± 5,2 mL/m², 22.8 ± 8 mL/m² respectively) (p <0.004.). A strong correlation between hemoglobin levels and LVEDV (left ventricular end-diastolic volume), LVESV (left ventricular end-systolic volume), LAV (left atrial volume) and LAV index was observed, with r values of −0.4, -0.4, -0.53 and 0.51 respectively (p <0.02, p <0.02, p <0.002 and p <0.002 respectively). See Figure 1. Otherwise, we found no correlation between ferritin levels and echocardiographic parameters.

Table 1 Patients were diagnosed and classified according to WHO, IPSS and WPSS criteria

Table 2 Echocardiographic parameters of patients and controls

Figure 1

Linear correlation between left cardiac volumes and values of hemoglobin. A. LAV: left atrial volume. B. LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; C. LAV index : left atrial volume index. D. LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume.

The reduction of blood viscosity in severe anemia increases blood return [4] and ventricular preload which lead to atrial and ventricular enlargement observed in T-MDS patients. Confirming this hypothesis, these results are correlated to hemoglobin levels.

The T-MDS group showed no clinical sign of cardiac dysfunction. Otherwise, cardiac alterations were detected by tissue-doppler echocardiography, a relative fast and cheap bedside method to evaluate heart function. Echocardiography should be routinely performed in MDS patients to detect preclinical cardiac alterations and prevent more heart insults in these group of chronic anemic aged patients.