Table 4 Characteristics of the different macrophage subtypes
Phenotype | Stimuli | Markers (human) | Markers (mouse) | Functions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-1β, LPS | CD11b, CD11c, CD80, HLA-DR, IL-1β, IL-8, TNFα, IL-12 | CD11b, F4/80, CD80, CD86, Ly6c, MHC-II, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-12 | Proinflammatory, anti-tumour |
M2a | IL-4, IL-13 | CD206, CD163, IL-10, TGF-β, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL24 | CD163, Arg1, IL-10, TGF-β, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL24 | Anti-inflammatory |
M2b | IL-1β, LPS | CD86, IL-10, IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α | IL-10, IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α | Immunoregulation, tumour progression |
M2c | IL-10, TGF-β, glucocorticoids | CD163, CD206, IL-10, TGF-β, | Arg1, IL-10, TGF-β, | Angiogenesis, phagocytosis, wound healing |
M2d | TLR ligand, LPS, IL-6 | IL-10, VEGF | IL-10, VEGF | Tumour progression, immunosuppressive, angiogenesis |