Fig. 2

Development stages of adoptive cell therapies and targets of TCR-T, CAR-T, and CAR-NK cells in clinical trials of cancer therapy. A The developmental stage of each adoptive cell therapy was counted. B–D Targets of TCR-T (B), CAR-T (C), and CAR-NK (D) in clinical trials of cancer therapy. The top targets were highlighted separately in the pie chart; low proportion or unknown targets were merged into the other targets section. Each target of the multi-target CAR was counted separately. Data were obtained from clinicaltrials.gov and were updated as of July 2023. WT1, Wilms tumor 1; HA-1, minor histocompatibility antigen 1; HPV, human papillomavirus; MAGE, melanoma-associated antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; BCMA, B cell maturation antigen; GPC3, glypican-3; GD2, disialoganglioside; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NKG2DL, NKG2D ligand; DLL3, delta-like ligand 3; and MICA/B, major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A/B